Amaphutha Avamile kuUkushisela kwe-Laser ye-Aluminium Alloy
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-laser autogenous welding nomaukushisela okuhlanganisiwe kwe-laser-arcisetshenziselwa ama-aluminium alloys, kunezinkinga ezithile zobuchwepheshe ezivamile, okungukuthi, amaphutha angavela uma imingcele yenqubo kanye nezimo zokushisela zingasebenzi kahle.okungafanele.Amaphutha onke emajoyintini e-aluminium alloy afaka phakathi izinhlobo ezimbili: ukugoba kwe-weld kanye nokugoba kwe-hot cracks. Ngaphezu kokugoba kwe-porosity kanye nokugoba kwe-hot cracks, amaphutha afana nokugoba kwe-undercut kanye nokwakheka okubi kwe-backside akhona nasekugoba kwe-aluminium alloys nge-laser. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokugoba kwe-weld, amathuba okugoba kwe-welding (okubonakalayo emehlweni noma ngaphansi kokukhulisa okuphansi) awaphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ngoba imifantu iyingozi kakhulu, i-JIS Z 3105 ibeka ukuthi uma ukugoba kutholakale ku-weld, i-weld izokwahlulelwa njenge-Class IV. Ukugoba kwe-undercut, ukwakheka kwe-backside okubi kanye nezinye iziphambeko ikakhulukazi amaphutha amakhulu abangelwa ukulawulwa kwesivinini okungafanele noma amapharamitha enqubo angalingani. Amaphutha anjalo ngokuvamile avela esigabeni sokuhlola inqubo kanye nokulungisa amaphutha, futhi akuvamile ukwenzeka emisebenzini evamile yokukhiqiza yangempela. Ngakho-ke, ukugoba kwe-porosity uhlobo lwesiphambeko oluyingozi kakhulu ekugoba kwe-aluminium alloys nge-laser kanye nasekusebenzeni kwezakhiwo ezigobile, futhi kunzima ukukususa ngokuphelele.
1. Ukubhoboka kwe-Porosity
Ukugoba kwevolumu kuyinto evame kakhulu futhi enkulu kakhuluukushisela nge-laser kwama-aluminium alloys, ngobukhulu obusukela kumakhulu ama-micron kuya kumamilimitha amaningana. Indlela yokwakheka kwayo ayikacaci ngokugcwele. Ukugoba akugcini nje ngokwenza buthaka ingxenye yokusebenza ephumelelayo ye-weld, kodwa futhi kubangela ukugxila kokucindezeleka, kunciphisa amandla ashukumisayo kanye nokusebenza kokukhathala kwejoyinti eligoqiwe.
Uma i-aluminium alloy incibilika endaweni equkethe i-hydrogen, okuqukethwe kwayo kwangaphakathi kwe-hydrogen kungafinyelela ngaphezu kuka-0.69 ml/100g, kodwa ngemva kokuba i-alloy iqina, ukuncibilika kwayo kwe-hydrogen ekulinganisweni kungama-0.036 ml/100g. Ngokuvamile kukholelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi senqubo yokupholisa yokushisela nge-laser, ukuncibilika kwe-hydrogen kwehla kakhulu, futhi imvula ye-hydrogen egcwele kakhulu izokwakha i-hydrogen porosity. Ukuhwamuka kwezinto ezincibilika kancane kanye ne-high-vapor-pressure alloying kungaholela ku-porosity, okubizwa ngokuthi i-metallurgical porosity. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphazamiseka kogongolo lwe-laser kanye nokungazinzi kwe-keyhole nakho kungakha i-porosity, kodwa i-porosity enjalo inesimo esingajwayelekile futhi ingabizwa ngokuthi i-process-induced porosity. Ngenxa yomsebenzi wamakhemikhali ophezulu we-aluminium alloys, ifilimu ye-oxide yakhiwa kalula ebusweni. Ngesikhathi sokushisela, amanzi ekristalu namanzi ahlanganisiwe abola kusuka kufilimu ye-oxide ebusweni be-aluminium alloy, kanye nomswakama emoyeni kanye negesi evikelayo, kubola ngqo ukuze kukhiqizwe i-hydrogen endaweni eshisa kakhulu ngaphansi kwesenzo se-laser. Lawa magesi e-hydrogen angase ashayeke ngesikhathi sokupholisa nokuqina kwechibi elincibilikisiwe ukuze akhe amabhamuza noma akhiqize amabhamuza ngqo kufilimu ye-oxide engancibilikisiwe ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yobukhulu obuphansi be-alloy ye-aluminium, isivinini esikhuphukayo samabhamuza echibini elincibilikisiwe siyahamba kancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-alloy e-aluminium anomoya oshisayo onamandla, futhi isivinini sokupholisa nokuqina kwechibi elincibilikisiwe sishesha kakhulu. Amanye amabhamuza awakwazi ukuphuma ngesikhathi futhi ahlale ku-weld, ngaleyo ndlela akha i-porosity ye-metallurgical. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi igesi eyinhloko ku-porosity yama-alloy welds ye-aluminium yi-hydrogen, ngakho-ke i-porosity kuma-alloy welds e-aluminium ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi i-hydrogen porosity. Uma ubheka ukuphuka kwe-porosity ngaphansi kwe-scanning electron microscope, i-porosity ivame ukuveza isimo esiyindilinga esineziphetho ze-dendrite ezihlelwe kahle zamakristalu e-dendritic, futhi udonga lwangaphakathi lubushelelezi, luhlanzekile futhi alunazo izinsalela ze-oxidation. Ukuba khona kwe-porosity akugcini nje ngokunciphisa ukuqina kwe-weld kanye nekhono lokuthwala le-joint, kodwa futhi kunciphisa amandla kanye ne-plasticity ye-joint kuya ngamazinga ahlukahlukene.
2. Imifantu Eshisayo
Imifantu eshisayo (kufaka phakathi imifantu yokuqina kanye nemifantu yokunciphisa) yakha ngesikhathi senqubo yokuqinisa yensimbi encibilikisiwe futhi ingenye yezinhlobo ezivamile zeziphambeko ekushiseni nge-laser yama-aluminium alloys. Isici esisobala kakhulu sesimo sokuqhekeka kwemifantu yokuqinisa ukuthi ubuso bokuqhekeka buhlanganiswe nendawo enkulu yamatshe abushelelezi kodwa angalingani noma izakhiwo ezifana namazambane, futhi ubuso buvame ukugcina ama-eutectics aphansi okuncibilikisa aphakathi kwe-granular noma ama-fold efilimu eliketshezi, kanye neminonjana yokuqhekeka okubuthakathaka kwama-dendrites. Isimo sokuqhekeka kwemifantu yokunciphisa sifana nesokuqhekeka kwemifantu yokuqinisa, kodwa sinezici zokuqhekeka kwemifantu yokushisa okuphezulu noma ukuqhekeka kwemifantu yokuqinisa. Ekuqhekekeni kokukhathala kwamalunga ahlanganiswe ne-fusion ngaphansi komthwalo wokukhathala, imithombo yokuqhekeka kokukhathala ebangelwa imifantu enjalo eshisayo nayo ivamile. Izimbangela zokuqhekeka okushisayo ekushiseni nge-laser kwama-aluminium alloys zihlobene kakhulu nezici zazo kanye nezinqubo zokushisisa. Ama-aluminium alloys anezinga elikhulu lokuncibilika ngesikhathi sokuqina (kufika ku-5%), okuholela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu kokushisisa kanye nokuguquguquka; Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo ze-eutectic ezinamazinga aphansi okuncibilika zakhiwa eceleni kwemingcele yezinhlamvu ngesikhathi sokuqina kwensimbi ye-weld, okwenza buthaka amandla okubopha emingcele yezinhlamvu, ngaleyo ndlela kwakha imifantu eshisayo ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezeleka kokudonsa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimo zokuqhekeka ekushiseni kwe-aluminium nge-laser zingafingqwa ngezigaba ezilandelayo: imifantu ephakathi kwe-weld; imifantu ye-weld fusion line; imifantu ye-intergranular kuma-weld; imifantu ye-liquation yendawo ethintekile ukushisa; imifantu ebangelwa amafilimu e-oxide; kanye nemifantu ye-intergranular microcracks.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvikelwa okungekuhle ngesikhathi sokushisela kubangela ukuthi insimbi yokushisela isabela kumagesi emoyeni, kanti izinto ezifakiwe nazo ziyimithombo engaba khona yokuqhekeka. Uhlobo kanye nenani lezinto ezixubayo zinethonya elikhulu ekuthambekeleni kokuqhekeka okushisa ngesikhathi sokushisela i-aluminium alloy. Ngokuvamile, ama-alloy e-aluminium ochungechunge lwe-Al-Si kanye ne-Al-Mn anokushisela okuhle futhi akulula ukukhiqiza imifantu eshisayo; kuyilapho ama-alloy e-aluminium ochungechunge lwe-Al-Mg, i-Al-Cu kanye ne-Al-Zn enokuthambekela okuphezulu kokuqhekeka okushisa. Ukuthambekela kokuqhekeka okushisa kungancishiswa ngokulungisa amapharamitha enqubo yokushisela ukuze kulawulwe amazinga okushisa nokupholisa. Ngokuvamile, ukuthambekela kokuqhekeka okushisa kwe-laser-arc hybrid welding kungcono kunokwe-laser filler wire welding, futhi ukuthambekela kokuqhekeka okushisa kwe-laser filler wire welding kungcono kunokwe-laser autogenous welding.
3. Ukusikwa Okungafanele kanye Nokushiswa Okudlulele
Ama-alloy e-aluminium anamandla aphansi e-ionization, kanti i-plasma ebangelwa yi-photo ithambekele ekushiseni kakhulu nasekukhuleni ngesikhathi sokushisela, okuholela ezinqubweni zokushisela ezingazinzile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-alloy e-aluminium acwebezelayo anokugeleza okuhle kanye nokucindezeleka okuphansi kobuso. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukungena, izinga lokugeleza kwegesi elivikelayo elikhulu kanye namandla okukhipha i-laser kuvame ukudingeka, okonakalisa ukuzinza kwenqubo yokushisela, okwenza ichibi elincibilikisiwe lishintshe kakhulu ngaphansi kwengcindezi futhi kuholele kalula ezifweni ezifana nokusikwa okungaphansi kanye nokushiswa. Ukwakheka kwangemuva kwamapuleti e-alloy e-aluminium acwebezelwe nge-laser kungathuthukiswa ngempumelelo ngokufaka ipuleti lethusi elipholiswe ngamanzi ngemuva kwe-weld.
4. Ukufakwa kwe-Slag
Olunye uhlobo lwesici esivame ukwenzeka ekushiseni umzimba wemoto ukufakwa kwe-weld slag. Izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi ukufakwa kwe-slag kuvela kakhulu kuma-oxide ebusweni bezintambo ze-weldments kanye nezintambo ze-welding, kanye nezinqubo ezingazinzile ekubekweni kwendawo kwezinto ze-aluminium alloy. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi bezinto ze-aluminium alloy kufanele baqinise ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi bathuthukise izinqubo zokukhipha ukuze banciphise okuqukethwe kokungcola kanye ne-hydrogen ezintweni zokusetshenziswa futhi bathuthukise ukuzinza kwekhwalithi yemikhiqizo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-05-2025
