Izindlela Zokushisela Zezingxenye Ezincane Nezincane Ukushisela nge-laser kuyindlela yokushisela ephumelelayo nenembile esebenzisa umsebe we-laser onamandla aphezulu njengomthombo wokushisa. Kungenye yezindlela ezibalulekile zokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula izinto ze-laser. Ngawo-1970, yayisetshenziswa kakhulu ekushiseleni izinto ezicijile kanye nokushisela ngesivinini esiphansi, futhi inqubo yokushisela yayingeyohlobo lokuqhuba ukushisa. Ngokukhethekile, imisebe ye-laser ishisa ubuso bento yokusebenza, futhi ukushisa okusebusweni kuyasakazeka ngaphakathi ngokuqhutshwa kokushisa. Ngokulawula amapharamitha afana nobubanzi, amandla, amandla aphezulu, kanye nemvamisa yokuphindaphinda kwama-pulse e-laser, into yokusebenza iyancibilika ukuze yakhe ichibi elithile elincibilikisiwe. Ngenxa yezinzuzo zayo eziyingqayizivele, isetshenziswe ngempumelelo ku-ukushisela ngokunemba izingxenye ezincane nezincane.Ubuchwepheshe bokushisela nge-laser baseShayina buphakathi kwamazinga athuthukile emhlabeni. Bunobuchwepheshe kanye nekhono lokwenza izingxenye ze-titanium alloy eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingaphezu kwamamitha-skwele ayi-12 kusetshenziswa i-laser, futhi busetshenziswe ekukhiqizweni kwemikhiqizo yezinhlobo eziningi zocwaningo lwezindiza zasekhaya. Ngo-Okthoba 2013, uchwepheshe wokushisela waseShayina uwine i-Brook Award, umklomelo wezemfundo ophakeme kakhulu emkhakheni wokushisela, oqinisekisile izinga lokushisela nge-laser laseShayina elisezingeni lomhlaba.
## Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Umsebe wokuqala we-laser emhlabeni wakhiqizwa ngo-1960 ngamakristalu e-ruby ajabulisayo ngesibani se-flash. Inqunyelwe amandla okushisa e-crystal, yayingakhiqiza imisebe emifushane kakhulu evuvukile ngemvamisa ephansi. Nakuba amandla e-instantaneous pulse peak ayengafinyelela ku-10^6 watts, yayisengumkhiqizo wamandla aphansi. Induku yekristalu ye-yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) ene-neodymium-doped, ene-neodymium (Nd) njengento yokuvuselela, ingakhiqiza umsebe we-laser oqhubekayo one-wavelength eyodwa onamandla angu-1-8KW. I-laser ye-YAG, enobude be-wavelength obungu-1.06μm, ingaxhunywa ekhanda lokucubungula i-laser nge-fiber eguquguqukayo, equkethe ukwakheka kwemishini eguquguqukayo kanye nokufaneleka kwezingxenye zokusebenza zokushisela ezinobukhulu obungu-0.5-6mm. I-laser ye-CO₂, esebenzisa i-carbon dioxide njenge-excitant (enobude obungu-10.6μm), ingafinyelela amandla okukhipha afinyelela ku-25KW futhi ikhiqize ukushibilika okugcwele kwe-single-pass kwamapuleti angu-2mm obukhulu. Isetshenziswe kabanzi ekucubungulweni kwensimbi emkhakheni wezimboni. Maphakathi nawo-1980, ukushibilika kwe-laser, njengobuchwepheshe obusha, kwadonsela ukunaka okukhulu eYurophu, e-United States, naseJapane. Ngo-1985, i-ThyssenKrupp Steel AG (eJalimane) kanye ne-Volkswagen AG (eJalimane) babambisana ukuze bamukele ngempumelelo i-blank yokuqala emhlabeni eshibilikiswe nge-laser emzimbeni we-Audi 100. Ngawo-1990, abakhiqizi bezimoto abakhulu eYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, naseJapan baqala ukusebenzisa kabanzi ubuchwepheshe obungenalutho obushibilikiswe nge-laser ekukhiqizeni umzimba wezimoto. Okuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo okuvela kokubili emalabhorethri kanye nabakhiqizi bezimoto kuye kwafakazela ukuthi i-blank eshibilikiswe nge-laser ingasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ekukhiqizeni imizimba yezimoto. Ukushisela okwenziwe ngokwezifiso nge-laser kusebenzisa amandla e-laser ukuhlanganisa ngokuzenzakalelayo izinsimbi eziningana, izinsimbi ezingagqwali, ama-aluminium alloys, njll., ngezinto ezahlukene, ubukhulu, kanye nokugqoka epuletini elihlanganisiwe, iphrofayili, noma iphaneli yesandwich. Lokhu kuhlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukene zokusebenza kwezinto zezingxenye, futhi kufeza imishini elula ngesisindo esincane kakhulu, isakhiwo esihle kakhulu, kanye nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu. Emazweni athuthukile njengeYurophu ne-United States,ukushisela okwenziwe nge-laserAyisetshenziswa kuphela embonini yokukhiqiza imishini yokuthutha kodwa futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni efana nokwakha, amabhuloho, ukukhiqizwa kokushisela amapuleti ezinto zasekhaya, kanye nokushisela amapuleti ensimbi emigqeni yokugoqa (ukuxhumeka kwamapuleti ekugingqikeni okuqhubekayo). Amabhizinisi okushisela nge-laser adumile emhlabeni wonke afaka iSoudonic (Switzerland), i-ArcelorMittal Group (France), iThyssenKrupp TWB (Germany), iServo-Robot (Canada), kanye nePrecitec (Germany). Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obungenalutho obufakwe nge-laser eShayina kusanda kuqala. Ngo-Okthoba 25, 2002, umugqa wokuqala wokukhiqiza wezohwebo waseShayina wezimbobo ezifakwe nge-laser waqala ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni. Wethulwa yiWuhan ThyssenKrupp Zhongren Laser Tailor Welding evela eThyssenKrupp TWB (Germany). Kamuva, iShanghai Baosteel Arcelor Laser Tailor Welding Co., Ltd., FAW Baoyou Laser Tailor Welding Co., Ltd., kanye namanye amabhizinisi afakwa ngokulandelana ekukhiqizweni. Ngo-2003, amazwe angaphandle aqala ukusebenzisa i-double-beam CO₂ laser filler wire welding kanye ne-Ukushisela ucingo lwe-YAG laser fillerngesakhiwo sephaneli yodonga oluphansi lwe-aluminium alloy ye-A318. Lobu buchwepheshe buthathe indawo yesakhiwo sendabuko esinama-riveted, kunciphisa isisindo se-fuselage yendiza ngo-20% futhi konga u-20% wezindleko. UGong Shuili wayekholelwa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokushisela nge-laser buzodlala indima ebalulekile ekuguqulweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwemboni yokukhiqiza izindiza yendabuko yaseShayina. Wafaka isicelo ngokushesha samaphrojekthi amaningana ahlobene nocwaningo, wahlela ithimba locwaningo, futhi wahola ekwethuleni ubuchwepheshe "bokushisela nge-laser ephindwe kabili" kumaphrojekthi ocwaningo eShayina. Kusukela ekuqaleni, wahlela ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ekukhiqizweni kwezindiza. Ithimba lochwepheshe baseShayina labika ubuchwepheshe bokuqala esikhungweni sokuklama izindiza futhi lakhuthaza izinzuzo kanye nokwenzeka kokushisela nge-laser ephindwe kabili. Ngemva kokuqinisekiswa nokuhlolwa okuningi, isikhungo sokuklama sanquma ukusebenzisa lobu buchwepheshe ekukhiqizweni kwamaphaneli odonga anezinti endizeni ethile, safinyelela umgomo wokuqala wokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe "bokushisela nge-laser ephindwe kabili" ekukhiqizweni kwezindiza. Yadlula ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile njengokulawula ngokunemba ucingo lokugcwalisa i-laser welding lwe-alloys ezilula, yathuthukisa idivayisi yokugcwalisa i-laser filler wire hybrid ehlanganisiwe nentsha, yasungula ipulatifomu yokuqala yaseShayina enamandla aphezulu yokugcwalisa i-laser double beam wire welding, yaqaphela ukushiswa kwe-T-joints okuphindwe kabili kanye nezinhlangothi ezimbili ezakhiweni ezinkulu ezinodonga oluncane, futhi yakusebenzisa ngempumelelo ekukhiqizweni kokushiswa kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zesakhiwo samaphaneli odonga anezinti zezindiza okokuqala, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwendiza entsha yaseShayina. Ngo-2003, isethi yokuqala yemishini yokushiswa kwe-inthanethi enkulu yasekhaya enikezwe yi-HG Laser yadlula ukwamukelwa okungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Le mishini ihlanganisa ukusika kwe-laser, ukushiswa, kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa, okwenza i-HG Laser ibe ngelinye lamabhizinisi amane emhlabeni akwazi ukukhiqiza imishini enjalo. Ngo-2004, iphrojekthi ethi “Ukusika, Ukushisela kanye Nobuchwepheshe Bokucubungula Ukushisela Okuhlanganisiwe Nge-Laser” ka-HG Laser Farley I-Laserlab yawina uMklomelo Wesibili Womklomelo Wentuthuko Yesayensi Nobuchwepheshe Kazwelonke, okwenza kube yibhizinisi le-laser kuphela eShayina elinekhono le-R&D lalobu buchwepheshe kanye nemishini. Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwemboni ye-laser yezimboni, imakethe ibeke phambili izidingo eziphakeme zobuchwepheshe bokucubungula i-laser. Ubuchwepheshe be-laser bushintshe kancane kancane kusuka ekusetshenzisweni okukodwa kuya ekusetshenzisweni okuhlukahlukene. Ngokuphathelene nokucubungula i-laser, akusagcini ekusikeni okukodwa noma ekushiseleni. Isidingo semakethe semishini yokucubungula i-laser ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa ukusika nokushisela siyanda, ngakho-ke imishini yokusika nokushisela ye-laser ehlanganisiwe iye yavela. I-HG Laser Farley I-Laserlab yathuthukisa umshini wokusika nokushisela ohlanganisiwe we-Walc9030, onefomethi enkulu kakhulu yamamitha angu-9×3, okwamanje okuyimishini yokusika nokushisela ye-laser ehlanganisiwe enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. I-Walc9030 iyimishini yokusika nokushisela enefomethi enkulu ehlanganisaukusika nge-laser kanye nemisebenzi yokushisela nge-laser. Ifakwe ikhanda lokusika lochwepheshe kanye nekhanda lokushisela, kanti amakhanda amabili okucubungula abelana ngomsebe owodwa. Ubuchwepheshe bokulawula izinombolo buqinisekisa ukuthi awaphazamisi omunye nomunye. Imishini ingaqedela izinqubo ezimbili ezidinga ukusika kanye nokushisela ngasikhathi sinye. Ingashintsha ngokukhululeka phakathi kokusika kuqala bese kuba ukushisela, noma ukushisela kuqala bese kuba ukushisela, kuqaphela kokubili imisebenzi yokusika nge-laser kanye nokushisela ngemishini eyodwa ngaphandle kwesidingo semishini eyengeziwe. Lokhu kusindisa izindleko zemishini kubakhiqizi bezicelo, kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula kanye nobubanzi bokucubungula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kokusika kanye nokushisela, ukunemba kokucubungula kuqinisekisiwe ngokugcwele, futhi ukusebenza kwemishini kuyasebenza futhi kuzinzile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunqobe ubunzima bokuguqulwa kokushisa kwamapuleti ngesikhathi sokushisela okwenziwe ngokwezifiso amapuleti amakhulu kakhulu kanye nokuqalwa okuzinzile kwezindlela ezinde kakhulu zokubuka ezindizayo. Ingashisela amapuleti amabili ayisicaba anobude obungamamitha ayi-6 kanye namamitha ayi-1.5 ububanzi ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi ubuso obushiselwe bubushelelezi futhi buyisicaba ngaphandle kokucubungula okwengeziwe ngemuva kokucubungula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingasika amapuleti anobubanzi obungamamitha ama-3, ubude obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6, kanye nobukhulu obungaphansi kwama-20mm enkambisweni eyodwa yokwakha ngaphandle kokubekwa kwesibili. I-Shenyang Institute of Automation, i-Chinese Academy of Sciences, yenze ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ne-IHI Corporation (Japan). Ilandela isu likazwelonke lokuthuthukisa isayensi nobuchwepheshe "lokwethula, ukugaya, ukumunca, kanye nokusungula kabusha", yanqoba ubuchwepheshe obuningana obubalulekile beukushisela okwenziwe nge-laser, yathuthukisa isethi yokuqala yaseShayina yemigqa yokukhiqiza ephelele yokushisela nge-laser ngoSepthemba 2006, futhi yathuthukisa ngempumelelo uhlelo lokushisela nge-laser oluyirobhothi, yafeza ukushisela nge-laser kwama-planar kanye nama-spatial curves. Ngo-Okthoba 2013, uchwepheshe wokushisela waseShayina uwine iBrook Award, umklomelo wezemfundo ophakeme kakhulu emkhakheni wokushisela. I-Welding Institute (TWI, UK) itusa futhi iqoka abantu abazongenela ukhetho minyaka yonke abavela kumayunithi angamalungu angaphezu kuka-4,000 emazweni angaphezu kuka-120, futhi ekugcineni inikeza lo mklomelo kuchwepheshe oyedwa ngokuqaphela iminikelo yabo evelele kwisayensi nobuchwepheshe bokushisela noma ukujoyina kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwezimboni. Lo mklomelo awugcini nje ngokuqashelwa kukaGong Shuili nethimba lakhe kodwa futhi uwukuqinisekiswa kwendima ye-AVIC ekukhuthazeni intuthuko yobuchwepheshe bokujoyina izinto.
## Amapharamitha Esakhiwo
### Imishini Yokusebenza Yakhiwe yi-oscillator ye-optical kanye ne-medium ebekwe phakathi kwezibuko kuzo zombili izinhlangothi ze-oscillator cavity. Lapho i-medium ishukunyiswa ibe yisimo samandla aphezulu, iqala ukukhiqiza amaza okukhanya angaphakathi kwesigaba, abonisa emuva naphambili phakathi kwezibuko kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, akha umphumela wokuhlangana kwe-photoelectric. Lokhu kukhulisa amaza okukhanya, futhi lapho kutholakala amandla anele, i-laser iyakhishwa. I-Laser ingachazwa futhi njengedivayisi eguqula imithombo yamandla eyinhloko njengamandla kagesi, amandla amakhemikhali, amandla okushisa, amandla okukhanya, noma amandla enuzi ibe yimisebe yemisebe kagesi yamaza athile okukhanya (ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, ukukhanya okubonakalayo, noma ukukhanya kwe-infrared). Lokhu kuguqulwa kungenziwa kalula kwezinye imidiya eqinile, ewuketshezi, noma yegesi. Lapho lezi midiya zishukunyiswa ngesimo sama-athomu noma ama-molecule, zikhiqiza umsebe wokukhanya onesigaba esifanayo kanye cishe nobude obulodwa be-wavelength—i-laser. Ngenxa yesakhiwo sayo sesigaba kanye nobude be-wavelength obubodwa, i-engeli yokwehlukana incane kakhulu, futhi ingadluliselwa ibanga elide ngaphambi kokuba igxile kakhulu ukuze inikeze imisebenzi efana nokushisela, ukusika, kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa. ### Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-Laser Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-laser ezisetshenziselwa ukushisela, okungukuthi ama-laser e-CO₂ kanye nama-laser e-Nd:YAG. Womabili ama-laser e-CO₂ kanye nama-laser e-Nd:YAG ayikukhanya okungabonakali kwe-infrared emehlweni enyama. Ububanzi obukhiqizwa yi-laser ye-Nd:YAG buyikukhanya okuseduze kwe-infrared okunobude be-wavelength obungu-1.06μm. Ama-conductor okushisa anesilinganiso esiphakeme sokumuncwa kokukhanya kwalolu bude be-wavelength, futhi kwezinsimbi eziningi, ukubonakaliswa kungu-20%-30%. Ububanzi be-wavelength obuseduze bungagxiliswa kububanzi obungu-0.25mm kusetshenziswa amalensi ajwayelekile e-optical. Ububanzi be-laser ye-CO₂ buyikukhanya okukude kwe-infrared okunobude be-wavelength obungu-10.6μm. Iningi lezinsimbi linokukhanya okukhanyayo okungu-80%-90% kulolu hlobo lokukhanya, ngakho-ke amalensi akhethekile okukhanya ayadingeka ukuze kugxilwe umsebe ube ububanzi obungu-0.75-1.0mm. Amandla e-Nd:YAG lasers ngokuvamile angafinyelela cishe ku-4,000-6,000W, futhi amandla aphezulu manje asefinyelele ku-10,000W. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amandla e-CO₂ lasers angafinyelela kalula ku-20,000W noma ngaphezulu. Ama-CO₂ lasers anamandla aphezulu axazulula inkinga yokukhanya okuphezulu ngomphumela we-keyhole. Lapho ubuso bezinto ezikhanyiswa yi-light spot buncibilika, kwakheka i-keyhole. Le keyhole egcwele umhwamuko ifana nomzimba omnyama, omunca cishe wonke amandla okukhanya okubambene. Izinga lokushisa lokulingana ngaphakathi kwe-keyhole lifinyelela cishe ku-25,000°C, futhi ukukhanya kwehla ngokushesha ngaphakathi kwemizuzwana embalwa. Nakuba ukugxila ekuthuthukisweni kwama-laser e-CO₂ kusagxile ekuthuthukisweni nasekucwaningweni kwemishini, akuseyona eyokwandisa amandla okukhipha aphezulu, kodwa mayelana nendlela yokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yogongolo kanye nokusebenza kwayo kokugxila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho i-argon isetshenziswa njengegesi yokuvikela ukushiswa kwe-laser ye-CO₂ enamandla angaphezu kuka-10kW, ivame ukuvusa i-plasma enamandla, okunciphisa ukujula kokungena. Ngakho-ke, i-helium, engakhiqizi i-plasma, ivame ukusetshenziswa njengegesi yokuvikela ukushiswa kwe-laser ye-CO₂ enamandla aphezulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanganisela ze-laser ye-diode yamakristalu e-Nd:YAG anamandla aphezulu kuyisihloko esibalulekile socwaningo nentuthuko, esizothuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yemisebe ye-laser futhi sakhe ukucubungula kwe-laser okusebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-array e-diode aqondile ukuvusa nokukhipha ama-laser esifundeni esiseduze kwe-infrared kufinyelele amandla ajwayelekile angu-1kW kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwe-photoelectric cishe okungu-50%. Ama-Diode nawo anempilo yesevisi ende (amahora ayi-10,000), okusiza ukunciphisa izindleko zokugcinwa kwemishini ye-laser. Ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini ye-laser e-diode-pumped solid-state laser (DPSSL) nakho kuyathuthuka.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-27-2025
