Ukuhlola Imishini Yokusika Nge-Laser: “Ithuluzi Lomlingo” Ensimini Yokusika

UkuhlolaImishini Yokusika Nge-Laser: “Ithuluzi Lomlingo” Ensimini Yokusika

I. Isisekelo Semfundiso Yokukhiqizwa Kwe-Laser

Imvelaphi yemfundiso yobuchwepheshe bokusika nge-laser ingalandelelwa emuva kumbono wokukhishwa okushukunyisiwe owaphakanyiswa ngu-Albert Einstein ngo-1916. Lo mbono uthi kuma-athomu akha izinto, izinombolo ezahlukene zezinhlayiya (ama-electron) zisatshalaliswa emazingeni ahlukene wamandla. Lapho izinhlayiya ezingeni eliphezulu lamandla zivuselelwa yi-photon ethile, zizoshintsha zisuka ezingeni eliphezulu lamandla ziye kweliphansi, zikhiphe ukukhanya okufanayo nokukhanya okushukumisayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukukhanya okubuthakathaka kungavuselela ukukhanya okunamandla—into eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, noma i-laser ngamafuphi.

Ama-Laser anezici ezine ezinkulu: ukukhanya okuphezulu, ukuqondiswa okuphezulu, i-monochromaticity ephezulu, kanye nokubumbana okuphezulu. Ngokuphathelene nokukhanya okuphezulu, ukukhanya kwama-laser aqinile kungafinyelela ku-10¹¹I-W/cm²·Sr. Uma umsebe we-laser okhanya kakhulu ugxilwe ilensi, ukhiqiza amazinga okushisa ayizinkulungwane kuya kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zama-degree Celsius eduze nendawo yokugxila, okwenza kube lula ukucutshungulwa cishe kwazo zonke izinto. Ukuqondiswa okuphezulu kuvumela i-laser ukuthi ihambe amabanga amade ngempumelelo ngenkathi igcina amandla aphezulu kakhulu lapho igxilile.—Izimo ezimbili ezibalulekile zokucutshungulwa kwe-laser. I-monochromaticity ephezulu iqinisekisa ukuthi umsebe ungagxilwa ngokunembile ukuze kufezwe ukuminyana kwamandla okungavamile. Ukuhambisana okuphezulu kuchaza kakhulu ubudlelwano besigaba phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene zegagasi lokukhanya.

Ngokusekelwe kulezi zakhiwo ezingavamile, ama-laser asetshenziswe kabanzi ekucutshungulweni kwezimboni nakwezinye izinkambu eziningi, okuholele ekusungulweni komshini wokusika i-laser.—idivayisi esebenzisa amandla okushisa ogongolo lwe-laser ukwenza ukusika.

II. Izimiso Zokusika Eziqondile

Umshini wokusika nge-laser ucubungula izinto usebenzisa umsebe we-laser. Ufudumeza izinto zibe ngaphezu kwe-sublimation noma indawo yokuncibilika ngokusebenzisa umsebe we-laser onamandla aphezulu ukuze kufezwe ukusika. Inqubo ihlanganisa izinyathelo ezilandelayo:

Ukukhiqizwa kwemisebe yelaser yijeneretha yelaserIjeneretha yelaser ikhiqiza imisebe yelaser enamandla aphezulu, egxile kakhulu. Izinhlobo ze-laser ezivamile zifaka phakathi i-CO2₂ama-laser, ama-fiber laser, kanye nama-solid-state lasers.

Isiqondiso nokugxila kwemisebe ye-laser Izingxenye ezibonakalayo ezifana namalensi noma izibuko zilawula indlela yemisebe, ziyiqondise futhi ziyigxilise endaweni encane ukuze zigxilise amandla endaweni encane.

Ukumuncwa kwezinto zamandla e-laserLapho umsebe we-laser ukhanyisa ubuso bezinto, izinto zimunca amandla e-laser. Amazinga okumuncwa ayahlukahluka kuzo zonke izinto; ezinye izinsimbi zinokumuncwa okuphezulu kwe-laser.

Ukushisa, ukuncibilika, noma ukuhwamuka kwezinto ezibonakalayoUbuningi bamandla aphezulu be-laser bufudumeza izinto ngokushesha ziye ekushiseni kwazo kokuncibilika noma kokuhwamuka. Njengoba ukuncibilika noma ukuhwamuka kudla ukushisa okukhulu, ukusika kuyatholakala.

Ukufakwa kwegesi okusizayo Ngesikhathi sokusika, amagesi asizayo (i-nitrogen, i-oxygen, amagesi angasebenzi, njll.) avame ukudonswa nge-nozzle. Lawa magesi avikela indawo yokusika, aphephule izinto ezincibilikisiwe, futhi asize ekwandiseni isivinini sokusika.

Uhlelo lokulawula ukunyakazaImishini yokusika i-laser ifakwe uhlelo lokulawula ukunyakaza oluqondisa ikhanda lokusika endleleni esethiwe ebusweni bezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngaphansi kokulawulwa kohlelo lwekhompyutha, izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zinganqunywa ngokunembile.

Izindlela Ezivamile Zokusika Nge-Laser

Ukusika i-laser vaporizationIzinto ziyashiswa ngesikhathi sokusika. Ugongolo lwe-laser olunamandla aphezulu lushisa i-workpiece ize ibile ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu, lwakha umusi ophuma ngokushesha ukuze wakhe i-kerf. Le ndlela idinga amandla aphezulu kakhulu kanye nobuningi bamandla, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni eziqinile kakhulu nezingezona izinsimbi njengephepha, indwangu, ukhuni, ipulasitiki, kanye nerabha.

Ukusika ukuncibilika nge-laserI-laser ishisa insimbi ibe yisimo esincibilikisiwe, bese kuba amagesi anga-oxidizing (Ar, He, N).₂, njll.) nge-coaxial ngomsebe ukhipha insimbi ewuketshezi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu ukuze kwakheke i-kerf. Njengoba ukuhwamuka okuphelele kungadingeki, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kungama-10% kuphela okunqunywa kokuhwamuka. Kufanelekile ezinsimbini ezingashisi noma ezisabelayo okuhlanganisa insimbi engagqwali, i-titanium, i-aluminium, kanye nama-alloy azo.

Ukusika i-oxygen nge-laser (ukusika okuncibilikisayo nge-oxidative)Ngokufana nokusika i-oxy-acetylene, i-laser isebenza njengomthombo wokushisa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kuyilapho i-oxygen noma amanye amagesi asebenzayo esebenza njengemidiya yokusika. Igesi isabela nge-oxidative nensimbi, ikhipha ukushisa okukhulu, bese ishaya ama-oxide ancibilikisiwe ukuze yakhe i-kerf. Ngenxa yokusabela kwe-oxidation exothermic, isidingo samandla singama-50% kuphela okusika okuncibilikisiwe, ngesivinini esiphezulu kakhulu. Isetshenziswa kabanzi ezinsimbini ezikwazi ukuncibilikisa njengensimbi yekhabhoni, insimbi ye-titanium, kanye nensimbi ephathwa ngokushisa.

III. Izinzuzo Eziphawulekayo Zemishini Yokusika Nge-Laser

1. Ukunemba Okuphezulu Kokusika

Ngenxa yendawo encane, enamandla amakhulu, nehamba ngokushesha ye-laser, abasiki be-laser banikeza ukunemba okumangalisayo. I-kerf incane, inezindonga eziseceleni ezihambisanayo neziqondile, okuqinisekisa ukunemba okuphezulu. Ubuso obusikiwe bubushelelezi futhi buyakhanga, bunobukhulu obungama-micrometer ambalwa nje. Ezimweni eziningi, ukusika kwe-laser kusebenza njengenqubo yokugcina, enezingxenye ezilungele ukusetshenziswa ngqo ngaphandle komshini owengeziwe.

Indawo ethinteke ekushiseni (i-HAZ) incane kakhulu, igcina izakhiwo zezinto zokuqala ezizungeze i-kerf futhi inciphisa ukuguquguquka kokushisa. Ingxenye ye-kerf icishe ibe unxande ojwayelekile. Lokhu kunemba kubalulekile embonini ye-elekthronikhi yokulungisa izingxenye zensimbi/zepulasitiki, izindawo zokugcina, namabhodi wesekethe.

2. Ukusebenza Kahle Kokusika Okuphezulu

Ukusika nge-laser kusebenza kahle kakhulu ngenxa yezici zokudlulisa nge-laser. Imishini eminingi isebenzisa izinhlelo zokulawula ze-CNC, okuvumela ukuzenzekela okugcwele. Abaqhubi badinga kuphela ukushintsha izinhlelo ze-CNC ukuze zivumelane namajiyometri ezingxenye ahlukene, okusekela ukusika kwe-2D kanye ne-3D. Ezitshalweni ezinkulu zokukhiqiza, izindawo zokusebenza eziningi ze-CNC zingacubungula izingxenye eziningi ngasikhathi sinye. Ukushintsha uhlelo ngokushesha kwamaqoqo nezimo ezahlukene kususa izinguquko eziyinkimbinkimbi zamathuluzi nokulungiswa, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza ngobuningi.

3. Isivinini Sokusika Esisheshayo

Ukusika nge-laser kushesha kakhulu kunezindlela zendabuko ezifana nokusika nge-plasma, ikakhulukazi kumashidi amancane. Isibonelo, abanye abasiki be-laser bezimboni basebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu ngo-300% kunebasiki be-plasma. Njengoba ukubopha kungadingeki, izindleko zokulungisa kanye nesikhathi sokulayisha/sokukhulula kuyalondolozwa, okwandisa amandla okukhiqiza jikelele. Embonini yezimoto,izisiki ze-laser zefayibha ezinamandla aphezuluingathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ngokuphindwe kahlanu kwensimbi enamandla amakhulu, inciphise imijikelezo yokukhiqiza futhi ithuthukise ukuncintisana emakethe.

4. Ukucubungula Okungathintani

Ukusika nge-laser akuthinteki, ngakho-ke ikhanda lokusika alilokothi lithinte ingxenye yokusebenza. Lokhu kuqeda ukuguguleka kwamathuluzi; akukho zinguquko ze-nozzle ezidingekayo ezingxenyeni ezahlukene—ukulungiswa kwamapharamitha kuphela. Le nqubo ikhiqiza umsindo ophansi, ukudlidliza okuncane, kanye nokungabi nokungcola, okudala indawo yokusebenza ekhululekile nenobungani nemvelo. Ngezinto ezibuthakathaka noma izingxenye ezinembile kakhulu, ukusika okungathintani kuvimbela ukulimala kobuso kanye nokuguquka, okuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ephezulu yomkhiqizo kanye nokukhiqiza.

5. Ukuhambisana Okubanzi Kwezinto Ezibonakalayo

Abasiki be-laser bacubungula izinto eziningi ezahlukene: izinsimbi, okungezona izinsimbi, izinto ezihlanganisiwe, isikhumba, ukhuni, nokuningi. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kuyahlukahluka ngokusekelwe ezicini zokushisa kanye nokumuncwa kwe-laser:

Insimbi engagqwali, insimbi yekhabhoni, njll., zisikwa kahle ngokusika okuncibilikisiwe noma ngokusika i-oxygen.

Izinto ezingezona izinsimbi ezifana nepulasitiki nokhuni zilungele ukusika i-vaporization.

Izinhlanganisela zingasikwa ngokunembile ngokwezici zazo.

Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenza izisiki ze-laser zibaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izimboni zokukhiqiza.

6. Ukusebenza okulula

Izisiki ze-laser zesimanjeifaka ukulawula kwezinombolo zekhompyutha kanye nokusebenza okude. Ngemva kokungenisa imidwebo yokusika, umshini usebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokuchofoza okulula, kunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi. Amamodeli amaningi afaka ukulayisha/ukukhipha ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukungenelela ngesandla. Ngisho nasezindaweni zokusebenzela ezincane, abaqhubi bangakwazi ukusebenzisa uhlelo kahle ngemva kokuqeqeshwa okufushane, nomuntu oyedwa okwazi ukuqapha imishini eminingi ngesikhathi esisodwa.

7. Izindleko Eziphansi Zokusebenza Nokunakekela

Imishini yokusika nge-laser inezindleko eziphansi zokusebenzisa nokulungisa. Isikhathi esincane esichithwa ekulungiseni sisho isikhathi esengeziwe sokukhiqiza, sithuthukisa umkhiqizo kanye nezinzuzo zomnotho.—Inzuzo ikakhulukazi kumabhizinisi amancane naphakathi. Naphezu kokutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu kusengaphambili, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kunciphisa izindleko zokucubungula ngeyunithi ngayinye ekukhiqizweni okukhulu, kuqinise ukuncintisana kwezindleko jikelele futhi kusekele intuthuko esimeme.

IV. Isakhiwo Esiyinhloko Semishini Yokusika I-Laser

1. Isakhiwo Sohlaka Oluyinhloko

Indlu yokuhlala inebhedi kanye netafula lokusebenza.

Umbhede ovulekile: Isakhiwo esilula, esilungele ukulayisha/ukukhulula izinto zokusebenza, esifanelekile ezingxenyeni ezincane noma ukwakheka okufushane.

Umbhede ovaliwe: Ukuqina okuphezulu, okusetshenziswa kabanzi ezitsheni ezinkulu zokusika nge-laser ukumelana namandla okusika nokuqinisekisa ukuqina nokunemba.

Ithebula lokusebenza lisekela umsebenzi, ngokuvamile lisebenzisa ama-thimbles amaningi noma amabhola ukuze lisekele. Amadivayisi okubeka eceleni kanye nokubopha aqinisekisa ukuhambisana okunembile kanye nokuqina okuqinile ngesikhathi sokusika, okuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yokusika.

2. Uhlelo Lwamandla

Uhlelo lwamandla lusebenzisa ama-motor kagesi njengomthombo wamandla, luguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla omshini. Umgodi wokukhipha uxhuma ezingxenyeni zokudlulisa ezifana namagiya, amabhande, noma amaketanga, uletha amandla okushayela ezingxenyeni ezihambayo futhi uvumela ukunyakaza okulawulwayo ngokwezidingo zenqubo ngayinye.

3. Uhlelo Lokudlulisa

Abasiki be-laser be-CNC bavame ukusebenzisa uhlelo lokulawula oluyi-semi-closed-loop ukuze bahlangabezane nezidingo zokunemba kokubeka (ngokuvamile < 0.05 mm/300 mm). Abashayeli abavamile bafaka ama-motor e-DC noma e-AC servo, ikakhulukazi ama-motor e-DC aguquliwe ngesivinini esiphezulu (i-PWM) noma ama-motor e-AC servo ukuze kuhambisane nokunyakaza okuthembekile. I-motor ixhuma ngqo ku-screw yebhola, ishayela i-slide yethoshi lokusika noma i-worktable eshukumayo ukuze kufezwe ukulawula isikhundla okunembile kanye nokusika kwekhwalithi ephezulu.

V. Ukusetshenziswa Okubanzi Kwemishini Yokusika I-Laser

1. Ukucutshungulwa Kwensimbi Yamashidi

Izicucu ze-laser zikhethwa kakhulu ekwenziweni kwensimbi yeshidi ngenxa yokuguquguquka okuphezulu, ukuphatha izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye namaqoqo amancane kuya kwaphakathi ngempumelelo. Akukho ukubumba okudingekayo; imiyalelo yokucubungula ihlelwa kalula futhi iguqulwe ngekhompyutha. Izinzuzo zifaka phakathi isivinini esikhulu, i-kerf encane, ukunemba okuphezulu, ubulukhuni obuhle bendawo, i-HAZ encane, kanye nokucubungula okungenakho ukucindezeleka. Zisika cishe zonke izinto, kufaka phakathi ubulukhuni obuphezulu, izinto eziqhekeka kakhulu, kanye nezinto ezincibilika kakhulu. Nakuba ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kuphezulu, ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kunciphisa izindleko zamayunithi. Ukungcola okuvalekile ngokuphelele, ukungcola okuphansi, kanye nokusebenza komsindo ophansi kuthuthukisa indawo yokusebenza, okuqhuba ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni.

2. Imishini Yezolimo

Njengoba imishini yezolimo ithuthuka, imishini iyahlukahluka futhi izenzakalela, yandisa ukuhlukahluka kwezingxenye zeshidi kanye nokunciphisa imijikelezo yokuvuselela. Ukunyathela kwendabuko kunqunyelwe yizindleko eziphezulu zesikhunta kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphansi. Izicucu ze-laser zinikeza ukucubungula okunembile, okusheshayo, okungathintani nokushisa okuncane. Akukho zikhunta kunciphisa izindleko, futhi isofthiwe ivumela ukusika ishidi namashubhu ngokungahleliwe, kwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto futhi kwenze kube lula ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo. Zinciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi zisekela ukwenziwa kwesimanje kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yemishini yezolimo.

3. Ukukhiqizwa Kwezikhangiso

Imboni yokukhangisa idinga ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nekhwalithi ephezulu. Abasiki be-laser baxazulula izinkinga eziningi zemishini yendabuko. Ezintweni ezifana ne-acrylic, uhlelo lwekhompyutha luthuthukisa ukwakheka ukuze kulondolozwe izinto. Ukusika imiphetho kubushelelezi futhi akudingi ukucutshungulwa ngemuva. Ukusebenza okungenasikhunta kwenza kube lula izinqubo, kunciphisa izindleko, futhi kusheshise impendulo yemakethe, kulungele ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlobo eziningi, okunezinhlobonhlobo eziningi. Abasiki be-laser abanobungane nemvelo, abanomsindo ophansi, futhi abangachithi kakhulu, bakhiqiza ngokunembile ihluzo namafonti ayinkimbinkimbi, bakhulisa ubuciko, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nenzuzo.

4. Ukukhiqiza Izingubo

Nakuba ukusika ngesandla kusalokhu kuyinto evamile, ukusika nge-laser okuzenzakalelayo kukhula ngokushesha.

Ukusika amaphethini: Kuhlanganiswe nesofthiwe ye-CAD yokwakha isinyathelo esisodwa, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, isivinini, kanye nokunemba.

Ukusika indwangu: Kusetshenziswa kakhulu eminyangweni yokusika, ngokusebenza kahle nangokucophelela okukhulu (kunqunyelwe ukujiya kwendwangu).

Ukwenza amathempulethi: Kuthatha indawo yezindlela ezisekelwe ngesandla kanye nokubhoboza, kunciphisa isikhathi sokukhiqiza kanye nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi ngesivinini esiphezulu, ukunemba, ukuzinza, kanye nokuhambisana ngqo kwesofthiwe.

Sekukonke, ukusika nge-laser kukhuthaza ukusebenza kahle kanye nokunemba okuphezulu embonini yezingubo.

5. Ukukhiqiza Izinto Zokupheka

Ukusika nge-laser kunqoba ukulinganiselwa kwezindlela zendabuko ngesivinini nangokunemba. Kusika ngokushesha izingxenye ezahlukene zekhishi futhi kudale izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi eziqondile namaphethini okuhlobisa, kuthuthukisa ukubukeka kanye nenani elengeziwe. Kusekela ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo okwenziwe ngokwezifiso nokwenziwe ngokwezifiso ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zabathengi ezikhulayo. Kufanelekela izitsha zokupheka zensimbi engagqwali, imimese, nezinye izingxenye zensimbi/ezingezona ezensimbi, kuqhuba ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokwehlukahluka embonini.

6. Imboni Yezimoto

Izicucu ze-laser zibalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwezimoto. Ziqinisekisa ukunemba okuphezulu kwezingxenye ezifana nezingxenye zenjini kanye nozimele bomzimba, ezinezinsika ezincane, ukungcola okuphansi, kanye nokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kwezinto zokwakha izidleke. Ubulukhuni obuphansi bomphezulu kunciphisa ukugaya ngemuva kokugaya. I-HAZ encane ivikela insimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic kanye nensimbi enamandla aphezulu, ithuthukisa ikhwalithi yokushisela. Ziphatha izinto ezahlukahlukene (insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi, insimbi engagqwali, i-aluminium alloy) futhi zisekela ukwakheka okuncane, okwenziwa nge-shot eyodwa, zithuthukisa isikhathi kanye nekhwalithi ekukhiqizweni kwezimoto okuhlakaniphile.

7. Imishini Yokuzivocavoca

Izicucu ze-laser zinikeza ukuguquguquka okunamandla kwamapayipi okucubungula asetshenziswa emishinini yokufaneleka. Zisika ngokunembile ubude obucacisiwe, ama-engeli, kanye nama-nozzle anomumo okhethekile, zithuthukisa ukulingana nokuqina kokuhlanganiswa. Ukusebenza kahle kokucubungula kunciphisa imijikelezo yokukhiqiza, okuvumela izimpendulo ezisheshayo ezidingweni zemakethe zezitayela nezincazelo ezahlukahlukene, okuqinisa ukuncintisana komkhiqizo.

8. Imboni Yezindiza

Ukukhiqizwa kwezindiza kunezidingo eziphakeme kakhulu, futhi ukusika nge-laser kusetshenziswa kabanzi ezindizeni nasezingxenyeni zerokhethi. Kufeza ukusika ngokunemba okuphezulu kwezinsimbi zezindiza ezinamandla aphezulu, ezilula zezakhiwo ze-fuselage nezingxenye ezinembile. Ezingxenyeni zerokhethi eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezibekezelela kakhulu njengezingxenye zethangi likaphethiloli nama-nozzle enjini, ukusika nge-laser kwenza kube lula ukulawula indlela enembile kanye nomshini wokulungisa iphrofayili oyinkimbinkimbi, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha.