Izisekelo Zokusika Nge-Laser kanye Nohlelo Lwayo Lokucubungula —Imishini Yokusika Nge-Laser

II. Ukwakheka Kwemishini Yokusika Nge-Laser

2.1 Izingxenye kanye Nomgomo Wokusebenza Womshini Wokusika I-Laser

Umshini wokusika nge-laser uqukethe i-laser emitter, ikhanda lokusika, i-beam transmission assembly, i-machine tool worktable, uhlelo lokulawula izinombolo (NC), ikhompyutha (i-hardware ne-software), i-chiller, i-shielding gas cylinder, i-dust collector, kanye ne-air dryer.

Ijeneretha yeLaser

Ijeneretha yelaser iyithuluzi elikhiqiza imithombo yokukhanya yelaser. Ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zokusika ngelaser, imishini eminingi isebenzisa ama-laser egesi e-CO₂ anezici eziphezulu zokuguqulwa kwe-electro-optical kanye nokukhishwa kwamandla aphezulu, ngaphandle kwezimo ezimbalwa lapho kusetshenziswa khona ama-laser e-YAG solid-state. Akuwona wonke ama-laser afanele ukusika, njengoba ukusika ngelaser kubeka izidingo eziqinile kwikhwalithi yelaser.
Ukusika Ikhanda

Iqukethe ikakhulukazi izingxenye ezifana ne-nozzle, ilensi yokugxila, kanye nesistimu yokulandelela ukugxila.

Idivayisi yokushayela ikhanda lokusika isetshenziselwa ukushayela ikhanda lokusika ukuze lihambe nge-Z-axis ngokwezinhlelo ezihleliwe. Iqukethe i-servo motor kanye nezingxenye zokudlulisela njengezikulufo noma amagiya okuhola.

(1) I-Nozzle: Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zama-nozzle: uhlobo oluhambisanayo, uhlobo oluhlangene, kanye nohlobo oluyindilinga.

(2) Ilensi Yokugxila: Ukuze kwenziwe ukusika kusetshenziswa amandla okukhanya kwe-laser, ugongolo lokuqala olukhishwa yi-laser kumele lugxilwe ngelensi ukuze kwakheke indawo yokukhanya enamandla aphezulu. Amalensi anobude obuphakathi nobude obude afanelekela ukusika amapuleti amakhulu futhi anezidingo eziphansi zokuqina kwesikhala sohlelo lokulandelela. Amalensi anobude obufushane obugxile afanelekela kuphela ukusika amapuleti amancane angaphansi kuka-3 mm; anezidingo eziqinile zokuqina kwesikhala sohlelo lokulandelela kodwa anganciphisa kakhulu amandla okukhipha i-laser adingekayo.

(3) Uhlelo Lokulandelela: Uhlelo lokulandelela ukugxila komshini wokusika nge-laser ngokuvamile luqukethe ikhanda lokusika eligxile kanye nohlelo lwenzwa yokulandelela. Ikhanda lokusika lihlanganisa imisebenzi yokuqondisa nokugxila kwe-beam, ukupholisa amanzi, ukufutha igesi, kanye nokulungiswa kwemishini.

Inzwa yakhiwe ngezinto zokuzwa kanye neyunithi yokulawula ukukhulisa. Izinhlelo zokulandelela ziyahlukahluka ngokuphelele kuye ngohlobo lwezinto zokuzwa. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ezitholakalayo: eyodwa uhlelo lokulandelela inzwa enamandla, olwaziwa nangokuthi uhlelo lokulandelela olungeyona eyokuthintana; enye uhlelo lokulandelela inzwa yokungenisa, olubizwa nangokuthi uhlelo lokulandelela ukuxhumana.
Umhlangano Wokudlulisa Ugongolo

Indlela Yokukhanya Yangaphandle: Izibuko ezikhanyayo zisetshenziselwa ukuqondisa umsebe we-laser ohlangothini olufunwayo. Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukungasebenzi kahle endleleni yomsebe, zonke izibuko ezikhanyayo zivikelwe izihlangu, futhi kungeniswa igesi yokuvikela ehlanzekile enomfutho omuhle ukuze kugcinwe izibuko zingangcoliswa. Ilensi esebenza kahle ingagxilisa umsebe ongahlukani nendawo encane kakhulu. Ilensi enobude obuqondile obungu-5.0 intshi ivame ukusetshenziswa, kuyilapho ilensi engu-7.5 intshi isebenza kuphela ezintweni zokusika eziwugqinsi kuno-12 mm.
Ithebula Lokusebenza Lamathuluzi Omshini

Umzimba Oyinhloko Womshini: Ingxenye yamathuluzi omshini weumshini wokusika nge-laseryingxenye yomshini eqaphela ukunyakaza kwezimbazo ze-X, Y, kanye ne-Z, kufaka phakathi ipulatifomu yomsebenzi wokusika.
Uhlelo Lokulawula Izinombolo

Uhlelo lwe-NC lulawula ithuluzi lomshini ukuze kufezwe ukunyakaza kwe-X, Y, Z-axis futhi lulawula amandla okukhipha kwe-laser ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Uhlelo Lokupholisa

Iyunithi Yokupholisa: Isetshenziselwa ukupholisa ijenereyitha yelaser. I-laser iyithuluzi eliguqula amandla kagesi abe amandla okukhanya. Isibonelo, ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa kwe-laser yegesi ye-CO₂ ngokuvamile kungu-20%, kanti amandla asele aguqulwa abe ukushisa. Amanzi okupholisa asusa ukushisa okweqile ukuze alondoloze ukusebenza okuvamile kwejenereyitha yelaser. Iyunithi yokupholisa iphinde ipholise izibuko zangaphandle zendlela yokukhanya kanye namalensi agxilile ethuluzi lomshini, iqinisekise ikhwalithi yokudlulisa imisebe ezinzile futhi ivimbele ngempumelelo ukuguqulwa noma ukuqhekeka kwelensi ngenxa yokushisa ngokweqile.
Amasilinda egesi

Amasilinda egesi afaka phakathi amasilinda aphakathi asebenzayo kanye namasilinda egesi asizayo omshini wokusika nge-laser, asetshenziselwa ukwengeza amagesi ezimboni ukuze kuqhutshekwe ne-laser futhi ahlinzeke ngamagesi asizayo ekhanda lokusika.
Uhlelo Lokususa Uthuli

Ikhipha intuthu nothuli olukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokucubungula futhi iqhuba ukwelashwa kokuhlunga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwegesi ephumayo kuyahlangabezana nezindinganiso zokuvikela imvelo.
Isomisi Nokuhlunga Kokupholisa Umoya

Ihlinzeka ngomoya ohlanzekile nowomile kujeneretha we-laser kanye nendlela ye-beam, igcina ukusebenza okuvamile kwendlela ye-beam kanye nezibuko ezibonisa ukukhanya.

2.2 Isibani Sokusika Sokusika Nge-Laser

Umdwebo wesakhiwo sethoshi lokusika lokusika nge-laser uboniswe ngezansi. Lakhiwe kakhulu ngomzimba wethoshi, ilensi yokugxila, isibuko esibonakalisayo, kanye nomlomo wegesi osizayo. Ngesikhathi sokusika nge-laser, ithoshi lokusika kumele lihlangabezane nezidingo ezilandelayo:

① Ithoshi lingakhipha ukugeleza kwegesi okwanele.

② Indlela yokukhipha igesi ngaphakathi kwethoshi kumele ibe yi-coaxial nge-axis yokukhanya yesibuko esibonakalisayo.

③ Ubude bethoshi bungalungiswa kalula.

④ Ngesikhathi sokusika, umusi wensimbi kanye nokuchaphaza okuvela ensimbini eqoshiwe akumele kulimaze isibuko esikhanyayo.

Ukunyakaza kwethoshi lokusika kulungiswa uhlelo lokunyakaza lwe-NC. Kunezimo ezintathu zokunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwethoshi lokusika kanye nomsebenzi:

① Ithoshi lihlala lingashintshi ngenkathi umsebenzi uhamba etafuleni lokusebenzela — ikakhulukazi lifanelekela izinto zokusebenza ezincane.

② Umsebenzi uhlala ungashintshi ngenkathi ithoshi lihamba.

③ Kokubili ithoshi kanye netafula lokusebenza kuhamba ngesikhathi esisodwa.

2.2.1 Ikhanda Lokusika

Ikhanda lokusika nge-laser litholakala ekugcineni kohlelo lokudlulisa imisebe, eliqukethe ilensi yokugxila kanye nomlomo wokusika.

Amalensi okugxila ahlukaniswa kakhulu ngobude obuqondile. Imishini eminingi yokusika nge-laser ifakwe amakhanda amaningana okusika anobude obuhlukene bokugxila. Uma sibheka ukusika nge-laser ye-CO₂ njengesibonelo, ubude obujwayelekile bokugxila bungu-127 mm (5 in) no-190 mm (7.5 in). Ilensi emfushane yobude obuqondile ikhiqiza indawo encane yokugxila kanye nokujula okufushane kokugxila, okusiza ekunciphiseni ububanzi be-kerf kanye nokufeza ukusikwa okucolekile. Ilensi ende yobude obuqondile ikhiqiza indawo enkulu yokugxila kanye nokujula okude kokugxila. Uma kuqhathaniswa namalensi amafushane obude obuqondile, amalensi amade okugxila anganikeza umsebe ogxilile onamandla e-laser anele ukucubungula izinto eduze nendawo yokugxila. Ngakho-ke, amalensi amafushane obude obuqondile asetshenziswa kakhulu ekusikeni ngokunemba kwamapuleti amancane, kuyilapho amalensi amade obude obuqondile edingeka ezintweni ezijiyile ukuze kutholakale ukujula okwanele kokugxila, okuqinisekisa ukushintshashintsha okuncane kobubanzi bamachashazi kanye nobuningi bamandla obanele ngaphakathi kobubanzi bokujiya kokusika.

Amalensi okugxila asetshenziselwa ukugxila isigameko somsebe we-laser ohambisanayo esitoshini sokusika, okufinyelela usayizi omncane wendawo kanye nobuningi bamandla aphezulu. Amalensi enziwe ngezinto ezingadlulisela ubude be-laser. Ingilazi ebonakalayo ivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-laser aqinile, kuyilapho izinto ezifana ne-ZnSe, i-GaAs, ne-Ge zamukelwa kuma-laser egesi e-CO₂ (njengoba ingilazi evamile ingabonisi lutho kuma-laser e-CO₂), phakathi kwazo i-ZnSe isetshenziswa kakhulu.

Ekusikeni nge-laser, ukunciphisa ububanzi bendawo eqondile kuyafiseleka ukwandisa ubuningi bamandla futhi kuvumele ukusika ngesivinini esikhulu. Kodwa-ke, ubude obufushane be-lens focal buholela ekujuleni okuncane kwe-focal, okwenza kube nzima ukufeza indawo eqondile lapho usika amapuleti aqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubude obufushane be-focal bunciphisa ibanga phakathi kwelensi nendawo yokusebenza, okwandisa ingozi yokuthi ilensi ingcoliswe ama-splashes ancibilikisiwe ngesikhathi sokusika futhi kuthinte ukusebenza okuvamile. Ngakho-ke, ubude obufanele be-focal kufanele bunqunywe ngokuphelele ngokusekelwe ezicini ezifana nobukhulu bokusika kanye nezidingo zekhwalithi yokusika.

2.2.2 Isibuko Esibonakalisayo

Umsebenzi wesibuko esibonakalisayo ukushintsha indlela umsebe okhishwa yi-laser. Ngemisebe evela kuma-laser aqinile, izibuko ezibonisayo ezenziwe ngengilazi ebonakalayo zingasetshenziswa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izibuko ezibonisayo kumadivayisi okusika i-laser yegesi ye-CO₂ zivame ukwenziwa ngethusi noma ngezinsimbi ezinokukhanya okuphezulu. Ukuvimbela umonakalo obangelwa ukushisa ngokweqile okuvela ekukhanyeni kwe-laser ngesikhathi sokusebenza, izibuko ezibonisayo zivame ukupholiswa ngamanzi.

2.2.3 I-Nozzle

I-nozzle isetshenziselwa ukufafaza igesi eyisizayo endaweni yokusika, futhi isakhiwo sayo sinomthelela othile ekusebenzeni kahle kanye nekhwalithi yokusika. Isithombe 4.11 sibonisa izimo ze-nozzle ezivamile zokusika nge-laser; izimo ze-nozzle orifice zifaka izinhlobo ze-cylindrical, conical, kanye ne-converging-diverging.

Ukukhethwa kwe-nozzle ngokuvamile kunqunywa ngokuhlolwa okusekelwe ezintweni kanye nobukhulu be-workpiece, kanye nokucindezela kwegesi elisizayo. Ukusika nge-laser kuvame ukusebenzisa ama-nozzle e-coaxial (lapho ukugeleza kwegesi ku-coaxial nge-optical axis). Uma ukugeleza kwegesi kanye ne-laser beam kunga-coaxial, ukuchaphaza ngokweqile kungenzeka kwenzeke ngesikhathi sokusika. Udonga lwangaphakathi lwe-nozzle orifice kufanele lube bushelelezi ukuqinisekisa ukugeleza kwegesi okungavimbelwe futhi kugweme ukuxokozela okungathinta ikhwalithi ye-kerf. Ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kokusika, ibanga phakathi kobuso bokuphela kwe-nozzle kanye nobuso be-workpiece kufanele lincishiswe, ngokuvamile lisukela ku-0.5 mm kuya ku-2.0 mm. Ububanzi be-nozzle orifice kumele buvumele i-laser beam ukuthi idlule kahle, kuvimbele i-beam ukuthi ingathinti udonga lwangaphakathi lwe-orifice. Uma ububanzi be-orifice bubuncane, kulapho kuba nzima khona ukuhlanganisa i-beam. Ngomfutho wegesi elisizayo onikeziwe, kunobubanzi obuhle kakhulu be-nozzle orifice diameters. I-orifice encane kakhulu noma enkulu kakhulu izovimbela ukususwa kwemikhiqizo encibilikisiwe e-kerf futhi ithinte isivinini sokusika.

Ithonya lobubanzi be-nozzle orifice esivinini sokusika ngaphansi kwamandla e-laser aqinile kanye nomfutho wegesi osizayo liboniswe ku-Figures 4.12 kanye no-4.13. Kungabonakala ukuthi kukhona ububanzi be-nozzle orifice ofanele obufinyelela isivinini sokusika esiphezulu. Leli nani elifanele licishe libe ngu-1.5 mm kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-oxygen noma i-argon isetshenziswa njengegesi esizayo.

Ukuhlolwa kokusikwa kwe-alloy eqinile nge-laser (okunzima ukuyisika) kubonisa ukuthi ububanzi be-nozzle orifice obufanele buseduze kakhulu nemiphumela engenhla, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.14. Ububanzi be-nozzle orifice buthinta nobubanzi be-kerf kanye nendawo ethintekile ekushiseni (HAZ). Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.15, ngokwanda kobubanzi be-nozzle orifice, ububanzi be-kerf buyanda kuyilapho ububanzi be-HAZ buncipha. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuncipha kwe-HAZ umphumela wokupholisa othuthukisiwe wokugeleza kwegesi okusizayo ezintweni eziyisisekelo endaweni yokusika.

2.3 Amapharamitha Emishini Yokusika Nge-Laser

2.3.1 Imishini Yokusika Eqhutshwa Yithoshi

Emishinini yokusika eqhutshwa yithoshi, ithoshi lokusika lifakwa ku-gantry ehambayo futhi lihamba ngokuvundlile eceleni kwe-gantry beam (Y-axis). I-gantry iqhuba ithoshi ukuthi lihambe eceleni kwe-X-axis, kuyilapho umsebenzi ubekwe etafuleni lokusebenza. Njengoba i-laser kanye nethoshi lokusika kuhlelwe ngokwehlukana, izici zokudlulisa i-laser, ukufana okuhambayo eceleni kwesiqondiso sokuskena ithoshi, kanye nokuqina kwezibuko ezibonisa ukukhanya konke kuyathinteka ngesikhathi senqubo yokusika.

Imishini yokusika eqhutshwa yithoshi ingacubungula izinto zokusebenza ezinkulu. Ithatha indawo encane kakhulu yephansi yendawo yokukhiqiza yokusika futhi ingahlanganiswa kalula neminye imishini ukuze yakhe umugqa wokukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, ukunemba kwayo kokubeka kungu-±0.04 mm kuphela.

Isakhiwo esijwayelekile semishini yokusika eqhutshwa yithoshi siboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.19. Umshini wokusika we-laser we-CO₂ onamagagasi aqhubekayo uyasetshenziswa, ibanga elisuka ku-laser liye kuthoshi lokusika lingama-18 m. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ushintsho kububanzi be-beam phezu kwaleli banga lokudlulisa aluphazamisi imisebenzi yokusika, inhlanganisela yezibuko ze-oscillator kumele yakhiwe ngokucophelela.

Imingcele eyinhloko yobuchwepheshe yemishini yokusika eqhutshwa yithoshi yilena elandelayo:

Amandla Okukhipha I-Laser: 1.5 kW (imodi eyodwa), 3 kW (imodi eminingi)
Ukushaywa Kwethoshi: I-X-axis 6.2 m, i-Y-axis 2.6 m
Isivinini Sokushayela: 0–10 m/min (singalungiseka)
Ithoshi le-Z-axis elintantayo: 150 mm
Isivinini Sokulungiswa Kwethoshi le-Z-axis: 300 mm/min
Usayizi Omkhulu Wepuleti Lensimbi Elicutshunguliwe: 12 mm × 2400 mm × 6000 mm
Uhlelo Lokulawula: Imodi Yokulawula ye-NC Ehlanganisiwe

2.3.2 Imishini Yokusika Eqhutshwa Itafula le-XY

Emishinini yokusika eqhutshwa itafula le-XY, ithoshi lokusika liqiniswe ohlakeni, bese umsebenzi ubekwa etafuleni lokusika. Itafula lokusika lihamba ngezimbazo ze-X ne-Y ngokwemiyalo ye-NC, ngesivinini sokushayela esilungisekayo esivame ukusuka ku-0–1 m/min noma ku-0–5 m/min. Njengoba ithoshi lokusika lihlala limile uma liqhathaniswa nomsebenzi, linciphisa umthelela ekuqondisweni kwe-laser beam kanye nokuma phakathi ngesikhathi senqubo yokusika, liqinisekisa ukusebenza kokusika okufanayo nokuzinzile. Uma ifakwe itafula lokusika elincane elinokunemba okuphezulu komshini, umshini ufinyelela ukunemba kokubeka okungu-±0.01 mm kanyeukunemba okuhle kakhulu kokusika, okwenza ifaneleke kakhulu ekusikeni ngokunemba kwezingxenye ezincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amatafula amakhulu okusika anomugqa we-X-axis ongu-2300–2400 mm kanye nomugqa we-Y-axis ongu-1200–1300 mm ayatholakala ukuze kucutshungulwe izinto zokusebenza ezinkulu.

Imingcele eyinhloko yobuchwepheshe yemishini yokusika eqhutshwa itafula le-XY yile elandelayo:

Umthombo we-Laser: I-CO₂ gas laser (uhlobo lwe-semi-closed straight-tube)
Ukunikezwa Kwamandla Nge-Laser: I-voltage yokufaka engu-200 VAC; I-voltage yokuphuma engu-0–30 kV; Umkhawulo wamanje wokuphuma ongu-100 mA
Amandla Okukhipha I-Laser: 550 W
Ukusika Ithebula Lokushaywa: I-X-axis 2300 mm, i-Y-axis 1300 mm
Isivinini Sokushayela Setafula Lokusika (Singashintshwa ngezinyathelo): 0.4–5.0 m/min, 0.2–2.5 m/min, 0.1–1.3 m/min, 0.05–0.6 m/min
Ithoshi elintantayo le-Z-axis Stroke: 180 mm
Usayizi Omkhulu Wepuleti Elicutshunguliwe: 6 mm × 1300 mm × 2300 mm
Uhlelo Lokulawula: Imodi Yokulawula Izinombolo (NC)

2.3.3 Imishini Yokusika Eqhutshwa Kabili (Ithoshi Netafula)

Imishini yokusika eqhutshwa kabili (ithoshi netafula) iwela phakathi kwemishini yokusika eqhutshwa ithoshi kanye nemishini yokusika eqhutshwa itafula le-XY eklanywe ngayo. Ithoshi yokusika ifakwe ku-gantry futhi ihamba ngokuvundlile eceleni komsebe we-gantry (i-Y-axis), kuyilapho itafula lokusika liqhutshwa ngobude. Lo mklamo ohlanganisiwe uhlanganisa izinzuzo zokunemba okuphezulu kokusika kanye nokusebenza kahle kokonga isikhala. Ngokunemba kokubeka okungu-±0.01 mm kanye nobubanzi besivinini sokusika obulungisekayo obungu-0–20 m/min, ungomunye wemishini yokusika esetshenziswa kakhulu emakethe. Amamodeli amakhulu alo mshini anikeza ukushaywa kwe-Y-axis okungu-2000 mm kanye nokushaywa kwe-X-axis okungu-6000 mm, okuvumela ukunqunywa kwezingxenye zokusebenza ezinkulu.

I-oscillator ye-laser ifakwe e-gantry eceleni kwethoshi lokusika. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kunikeza ukunemba okumangalisayo lapho usika imigodi eyindilinga. Umshini futhi unekhono eliphezulu lokukhiqiza: ungasika imigodi eyindilinga engu-46 (ububanzi obuyi-10 mm) ngomzuzu epuletini lensimbi eliwugqinsi oluyi-1 mm.

2.3.4 Imishini Yokusika Ehlanganisiwe

Ku-umshini wokusika ohlanganisiwe, umthombo we-laser ufakwa ohlakeni futhi uhamba nawo ngobude, kuyilapho ithoshi lokusika lihlanganiswe nendlela yalo yokushayela ukuze lihambe ngokuvundlile eceleni kogongolo lohlaka. Umshini usebenzisa ukulawula kwezinombolo ukusika izingxenye ezahlukahlukene ezibunjiwe. Ukuze kulungiswe ukushintshashintsha kobude bendlela yokukhanya okubangelwa ukunyakaza okuvundlile kwethoshi lokusika, imodyuli yokulungisa ubude bendlela yokukhanya ivame ukufakwa. Le module iqinisekisa ugongolo lwe-laser olufana ngaphakathi kwendawo yokusika futhi igcina ikhwalithi yobuso bokusika ehambisanayo.

Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 17-2025

Izisekelo Zokusika Nge-Laser kanye Nohlelo Lwayo Lokucubungula — Imishini Yokusika Nge-Laser