Ubuchwepheshe bokushisela besikhathi esizayo

Njengamanje, ukushisela sekuwubuchwepheshe obusha obuhlanganisiwe. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokushisela buqhubeka bukhula, izinga eliphezulu le-ubuchwepheshe bokushiselasekuwuphawu olubalulekile lwezinga elithuthukile lomkhakha kazwelonke, ngakho-ke, ithuthukise ngamandla amasethi aphelele emishini yokushisela, ubuchwepheshe bobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula ulwazi, ubuchwepheshe bedijithali bokulawula amandla okushisela, ubuchwepheshe bokulawula ikhwalithi yokushisela, inqubo yokukhiqiza ukushiselaubuchwepheshe bokushisela amarobhothi, ukuthuthukiswa kokuhlangabezana nezinto zesimanje zokushisela ezihlangabezana nezidingo zokukhiqiza ngokuqinisekile kuzodlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni izwe elinobuhlakani nelisindisa amandla.

Okokuqala, umkhuba wamanje wokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokushisela basekhaya nabangaphandle

Ukushisela ubuchwepheshe obuyisisekelo obubalulekile, futhi intuthuko yalo incike ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje. Ubuchwepheshe bokushisela buneminyaka eyikhulu kuphela yomlando, kodwa intuthuko yalo ishesha kakhulu. Kusukela ngekhulu lama-20, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili noma amathathu edlule, ngentuthuko engakaze ibonwe yesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ubuchwepheshe obusha bokushisela buvele ngokungenamkhawulo, futhi impumelelo entsha kwisayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje njenge-plasma physics, i-electron beam, i-infrared ray, i-vacuum, i-ultrasound, i-acoustics, i-microelectronics, njll. isetshenziswe kabanzi ekushiseleni. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha kubeke isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokushisela, kwathuthukisa ikhono lobuchwepheshe bokushisela, futhi kwandisa ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokushisela. Njengamanje, kuye kwakhiwa izindlela eziningi zokushisela ezinezimpawu ezahlukene. Ubuchwepheshe bokushisela busetshenziswe kabanzi emandleni, ezokuthutha, embonini yamakhemikhali, imishini, imishini ekhethekile, i-electronics, i-aerospace, i-petroleum kanye neminye imikhakha eminingi. Kungashiwo ukuthi impumelelo entsha yesayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje iye yangena kakhulu emkhakheni wokushisela, futhi yakhuthaza intuthuko esheshayo yobuchwepheshe besimanje bokushisela.

(A) ukuthuthukiswa kweimishini yokushiselakanye nezindlela zokushisela

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ngentuthuko esheshayo yesayensi nobuchwepheshe, imishini yokushisela kanye nezindlela zokushisela nazo zithuthukiswe kakhulu. Njengamanje, izici eziphawulekayo zemishini yokushisela yangaphandle ziwukunemba okuphezulu, ikhwalithi ephezulu, ukuthembeka okuphezulu, idijithali, ukulawula okuhlakaniphile, okukhulu, okuhlanganisiwe kanye nokusebenza okuningi. Kokubili ngokombono wokwakheka kokukhiqiza kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, imboni yasekhaya ithuthuka ngendlela yokushisela esebenza kahle, ezenzakalelayo, ehlakaniphile, esindisa amandla futhi enobungani nemvelo. Imishini yokushisela ye-arc yaseShayina isondela kancane kancane ezingeni lasekhaya, ilungise isakhiwo somkhiqizo, ithuthukise izinga lomkhiqizo, kufanele ithuthukise ngamandla ukunikezwa kwamandla okushisela kwe-inverter kanye nomshini wokushisela ozenzakalelayo, ozenzakalelayo, ikakhulukazi umshini wokushisela we-carbon dioxide osebenza kahle kakhulu futhi osindisa amandla; Ubuchwepheshe bokushisela bokumelana namandla aphakathi nendawo aphezulu njengokuqukethwe okuyinhloko kocwaningo kanye nesiqondiso sokuthuthukiswa; Ubuchwepheshe bokuhambisana kwe-electromagnetic buzothandwa kakhulu emishinini yokushisela,imboni yemishini yokushiselangesidingo esiphuthumayo sokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi, imikhiqizo eluhlaza; Ubuchwepheshe bokushisela okuzenzakalelayo kanye nemishini kuthuthukiswa ngesivinini esingakaze sibonwe, iphrojekthi ye-Three Gorges, iphrojekthi yokudlulisa igesi entshonalanga-mpumalanga, ubunjiniyela bezindiza, ubunjiniyela basemanzini kanye nokunye ukuthuthukiswa kobunjiniyela obuyisisekelo obukhulu bukazwelonke kanye nokukhula kwemboni yezimoto zasekhaya, kukhuthaze ngempumelelo intuthuko kanye nenqubekela phambili yobuchwepheshe bokushisela obuthuthukisiwe, ikakhulukazi ubuchwepheshe bokushisela okuzenzakalelayo; Amarobhothi okushisela kanye nokushisela okuhlakaniphile nakho kuzothuthukiswa ngokufanele emikhakheni ethile futhi kusetshenziswe kabanzi; Isidingo samasethi aphelele emishini ekhethekile yokushisela siyakhula, ububanzi bokusetshenziswa bubanzi, izidingo zokusebenza kobuchwepheshe ziya ngokuya ziphakama, imishini yokuhlangabezana nenqubo entsha esebenza kahle izoba evuthiwe futhi ithandwe kakhulu, amabhizinisi akhiqiza imishini yasekhaya adinga ukwenza intuthuko entsha kumasethi akhethekile, aphelele emishini yokushisela.

(2) Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokushisela

Ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nokusungulwa kwezinto zezimboni okuqhubekayo, ukuvela kwezinto ezintsha kuye kwaletha izinselele ezintsha kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe bokushisela. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi enamandla amakhulu, ama-aluminium alloys, ama-alloys asekelwe ku-nickel nezinye izinto kuye kwakhuthaza kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokushisela. Izindlela zokushisela zendabuko zingase zibe nezinkinga ezithile lapho zibhekene nalezi zinto ezintsha, njengokuguqulwa kokushisela, imifantu njalonjalo. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo ezintsha zoshisela kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokuthembeka kwamajoyinti ashiselwe sekuyindlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukiswa kwamanje kobuchwepheshe bokushisela. Njengamanje, umkhiqizo wezinto zokushisela eShayina ungowokuqala emhlabeni, kodwa esakhiweni sezinto zokushisela kanye namazwe athuthukile ezimboni, igebe lisobala kakhulu. Ukuze azivumelanise nomkhuba wokukhiqizwa kokushisela ukuze kusebenze kahle kakhulu, ikhwalithi ephezulu, izindleko eziphansi kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela, amazwe athuthukile njenge-United States neJapan ahlala elungisa isakhiwo somkhiqizo wezinto zokushisela. Maphakathi nawo-1980, amazwe athuthukile angaphandle ayebalelwa cishe ku-50% wengxenye yezinto zokushisela, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, iYurophu, iNyakatho Melika, iJapan ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zokushisela, ingxenye yezinduku zokushisela ingaphansi kuka-20%, okungukuthi, ukuzishintsha kwamanje kanye nokushisela okuzenzakalelayo emazweni athuthukile, kuye kwabalelwa ngaphezu kuka-80% womsebenzi wonke wokushisela. Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto zokushisela emazweni athuthukile nasezifundeni ezifana ne-United States, iJapane neNtshonalanga Yurophu, ukwehla kwezinduku zokushisela zokushisela ngesandla kanye nokwanda okuqhubekayo kwezinto zokushisela okuzenzakalelayo kuyinkambiso yentuthuko engenakugwenywa. Kuyaphuthuma ukuthuthukisa nokukhiqiza ucingo oluzivikelayo nolunezimbobo zemithi ezweni lethu. Ngokuphathelene nocingo olungenathusi olwethulwa abakhiqizi basekhaya nabangaphandle, kufanele lubizwe ngokuthi ucingo olukhethekile oluhlanganisiwe, ngenxa yezingxenye ezahlukene zokushisela kanye nezindlela zokwelapha ubuso babakhiqizi abahlukahlukene, ukusebenza kocingo nakho kuhlukile. Inqubo enhle kakhulu yokugqoka nokwelashwa kwendawo ayigcini nje ngokudlala indima yokuvimbela ukugqwala nokugcoba, kodwa futhi ayikhiqizi uthuli lwethusi ngesikhathi sokushisela, futhi ingathuthukisa ukuzinza kwe-arc yentambo yokushisela futhi inciphise ukuchaphaza kokushisela. Njengamanje, abakhiqizi basekhaya nabangaphandle bale nqubo yokugqoka nokwelashwa kwendawo yokushisela yokushisela yokushisela basathuthuka, kulindeleke ukuthi le ntambo kanye nomshini wokushisela we-inverter wedijithali balawule ngokunembile ukuguquka kwe-arc, bangafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ukushisela kwe-CO2 okuphansi okuchaphaza okuphezulu, ukuze kufezwe umphumela wenqubo yokushisela yentambo ene-flux-cored, kuyisiqondiso sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo.

(3) Izindlela ezintsha zokushisela, imishini yokushisela kanye nezinto zokushisela esikhathini esizayo

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele sithuthukise izindlela ezintsha zokushisela, imishini yokushisela kanye nezinto zokushisela ukuze sithuthukise ikhwalithi yokushisela kanye nokuthembeka kokuphepha, njengokuthuthukisa i-arc ekhona, i-plasma arc, i-electron beam, i-laser kanye namanye amandla okushisela, sisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulawula ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwenqubo ye-arc, nokuthuthukisa indlela yokulandelela i-arc ethembekile nelula; Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa izinga lomshini wokushisela kanye nokwenza ngokuzenzakalela, njengomshini wokushisela ukuze kufezwe ukulawulwa kohlelo, ukulawulwa kwedijithali, ukuthuthukiswa komshini wokushisela okhethekile kusukela enkambisweni yokulungiselela, ukushisela kuya ekulawulweni kwekhwalithi kwenqubo yonke yokwenza ngokuzenzakalela, emgqeni wokukhiqiza ukushisela okuzenzakalelayo, ukukhuthazwa nokwandiswa kwamarobhothi okushisela e-CNC namarobhothi okushisela, kungathuthukisa izinga lokukhiqizwa kokushisela, kuthuthukise izimo zempilo nokuphepha kokushisela. Ekhulwini lama-21, sibhekene nomgomo omkhulu wokuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe ezweni lethu, sibhekene negebe elikhulu phakathi kobuchwepheshe bethu bokushisela kanye namazwe angaphandle, abeka phambili izidingo eziphakeme zabasebenzi bokushisela, ngakho-ke kumelwe sisebenzise isayensi nobuchwepheshe besimanje, futhi silwele ukukhuthaza intuthuko kanye nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe bokushisela.

II. Umbono wesikhathi esizayo wobuchwepheshe bokushisela

Ngo-2025, ubuchwepheshe bokushisela buhlanganiswe ngokugcwele embonini ye-4.0 ecology, okubonisa izici ezintathu eziyinhloko ze‌"Ukushayela okuhlakaniphile, ukuhlanganiswa okunembile, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokusimeme"‌.

‌ukungena okuhlakaniphile‌: Izinga lokungena emakethe yamarobhothi okushisela izimboni emhlabeni wonke lifinyelele ku-67%, kanti izindleko zohlelo lokushisela lwe-AI zehle ngo-40%.

Ukusungula izinto ezintsha‌: Izinqubo zokushisela ezingafani zimboza u-90% wezimo zokukhiqiza ezilula.

Umgomo ongathathi hlangothi wekhabhoni‌: Izinga lokungena kwemishini yokushisela i-hydrogen lidlula u-30%, kanti ukuqina kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni yokushisela kuzoncishiswa ngo-55% uma kuqhathaniswa no-2020.

(A) Isiqondiso esiyinhloko sokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokushisela besikhathi esizayo

Ngokuthuthuka kokukhiqiza kuya esiqondisweni esisezingeni eliphezulu nesihlakaniphile, ubuchwepheshe bokushisela buletha lesi siqondiso esilandelayo esiyinhloko sokuphumelela‌

‌1. Uhlelo lokushisela oluhlakaniphile‌

‌Ukushisela okuguquguqukayo kwe-AI‌: ‌Uhlelo lokushisela oluqhutshwa yi-AI‌Ukuhlonza ukushintshwa kwe-weld kanye nokwenza ngcono amapharamitha ngokusekelwe ekufundeni okujulile ukuze kutholakale ukuqapha ikhwalithi ngesikhathi sangempela kanye nesixwayiso samaphutha.

· Irobhothi lokushisela eliguquguqukayo lingalungisa ngendlela eguquguqukayo indlela kanye nokufakwa kwamandla ukuze libhekane nezimo zokusebenza eziyinkimbinkimbi (njengokushisela ubuso besikhala semikhumbi-mkhathi). Irobhothi lokushisela elihlonyiswe ngenethiwekhi yemizwa lingahlaziya ukuguquguquka kokushisa kwezinto ngesikhathi sangempela futhi lilungise ngendlela eguquguqukayo amapharamitha okushisela (njengokushisela kwekhabhini ye-titanium alloy yesikhala semikhumbi-mkhathi). Izinga lokuthola amaphutha lenyuswa laya ku-99.5%, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokushisela kunyuswa ngo-50%.

‌Ifektri yamawele edijithali‌: Ubuchwepheshe bokulingisa obungokoqobo bunciphisa umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokushisela ngo-70% (Icala: Ukwenziwa ngcono kwenqubo yokushisela yephakethe lebhethri le-Tesla 4680). Ukulingisa okungokoqobo kusetshenziselwa ukubikezela ukuguqulwa kokushisela nokunciphisa izindleko zokuhlola namaphutha. Sekela ukulawula okukude kwe-5G kwemisebenzi yemvelo enobungozi obukhulu (njengokulungiswa kwesitshalo samandla enuzi).

‌2. Ubuchwepheshe bamandla obunembile kakhulu‌

Ukushisela nge-laser okusheshayo kakhulu‌: Ukushisela nge-laser ye-Femtosecond kufeza ukunemba kwezinga le-micron lokupakisha ama-chip kanye namadivayisi ezokwelapha amancane njengokushisela ngentambo ye-pacemaker.

Ukushisela okuhlanganisiwe kwe-laser-arc‌: ukuhlanganisa ukunemba okuphezulu kwe-laser kanye nokungena okuphezulu kwe-arc, okusetshenziselwa ukupakisha ibhethri lemoto entsha yamandla.

·‌ukushisela i-vacuum ye-electron beam: ukufeza uxhumano lwe-titanium alloy nezinye izinto zokushisela ezinzima olungenakungcola, olusetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwamadivayisi ezokwelapha.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Cold Metal Transition (CMT)‌: Ukufakwa kokushisa kuncishiswe kube ngu-20% we-MIG yendabuko, efanelekela ukushisela umzimba we-aluminium lithium alloy (umugqa we-BMW i7).

‌3. Ukushisela isikhala nolwandle olujulile‌

Ukwakhiwa kwezisekelo zenyanga ngaphakathi kwendawo‌: I-NASA isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokushisela nge-vacuum electron beam ukushisela izakhiwo zensimbi ngqo nge-ilmenite enhlabathini yenyanga.

Ukulungiswa kwepayipi lolwandle olujulile‌: ukujula kwengcindezi yerobhothi lokushisela ngaphansi kwamanzi kudlule amamitha ayi-6,000 (iphrojekthi ye-CNOOC South China Sea Oil and Gas Field).

4. ‌impumelelo yokuhambisana kwezinto ezibonakalayo‌

Ukuxhumeka kwezinto ezingafani‌

· Thuthukisa ubuchwepheshe be-aluminium/insimbi, i-ceramic/insimbi kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe be-hybrid joint ukuze kukhuthazwe ukwakheka kwesakhiwo okulula (njengokunciphisa isisindo sendiza).

· ukushisela okuhlanganisiwe‌

· Ukushisela kwe-ultrasonic kwe-carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP), ukuxazulula inkinga yokuntuleka kwamandla enqubo yokubopha yendabuko.

5. Ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme‌umshini wokushisela i-hydrogen‌: shintsha ukusika kwe-acetylene kwendabuko, ufinyelele ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni okungekho. Uhlelo lokushisela lokuhlanza intuthu‌: i-nano-filter core + i-AI risk control, ibamba izinhlayiya eziyingozi ezingama-99.9%.

(3) Idatha ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe bokushisela yesikhathi esizayo kanye nokubikezela kwemakethe‌

Imishini yokushisela ye-arc, okuhlanganisa ama-welder, izinsiza zikagesi nezinye izesekeli, ihlanganisa cishe ingxenye yayo yonke imishini yokushisela futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ikhule ngesilinganiso sonyaka esingu-6%. Imishini yokushisela yokumelana, okuhlanganisa ama-welder, ama-transformer, abalawuli kanye nezingxenye nayo izokhula ngesivinini esikhulu sokukhula. Ukushisela igesi kanye nokusika igesi kulindeleke ukuthi kube nesivinini esiphansi sokukhula. Eminye imishini yokushisela, njengoshisela we-stud, ukushisela we-laser, ukushisela kwe-friction, ukushisela we-electron beam kanye nemishini yokushisela ye-ultrasonic izokhula ngesivinini esikhulu. Imishini yokushisela ye-robotic izokhula ngesivinini esikhulu kakhulu, futhi izinga layo lokungenisa lizokhula kakhulu, ngoba ukushisela okuningi kwenziwa ngaphandle kwe-United States. Njengoba i-United States iyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elikhiqiza imishini yokushisela nokusika, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwemishini yokushisela nokusika kuzoqhubeka nokuqina. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinsimbi zokugcwalisa ukushisela; Izinduku zokushisela nezintambo. Inani le-electrode lizoncipha unyaka nonyaka, kuyilapho inani lentambo, okuhlanganisa ucingo oluqinile kanye nentambo ene-flux-core, lizokhula unyaka nonyaka. Lokhu kuyindlela yokuthuthukiswa engenakuguqulwa.

Usayizi wemakethe‌: Imakethe yobuchwepheshe bokushisela yomhlaba wonke‌AmaRandi ayizigidigidi ezingama-218‌(2025), ngesilinganiso sokukhula saminyaka yonke esihlanganisiwe esingu-9.3%.

Isilinganiso sobuchwepheshe‌:

· Ukushisela nge-laser: 32%

· Uhlelo lokushisela oluhlakaniphile: 28%

· Ubuchwepheshe bokushisela obuluhlaza: 25%

· Ukukhula kwesifunda‌: Isifunda sase-Asia-Pacific sibe negalelo elingu-45% lokwenyuka, kanti iShayina yabusa uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwemishini emisha yamandla kanye nemishini yokushisela ye-semiconductor.

· (4) Izinselele kanye namathuba obuchwepheshe bokushisela besikhathi esizayo

‌Inselele‌:

Ukuthembeka kokushisela ezindaweni ezibucayi kakhulu (njengeziphehli zokuxuba ezishisa kakhulu).

· ukumiswa kwenqubo yokushisela ye-nanoscale (ukufakwa kwe-chip 3D).

· Umbono ka-2030:

· Ubuchwepheshe bokushisela i-quantum: ukusetshenziswa komgomo wokuhlanganiswa kwe-quantum ukuze kufezwe ukubopha kwezinto ezingeni le-athomu.

· Ukushisela izinto eziphilayo: Ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-solder ebolayo enokushisa okuphansi ngokusekelwe kuma-enzyme ezinto eziphilayo.

· (2) Izinkambu zezicelo zemboni yobuchwepheshe bokushisela zesikhathi esizayo

· Izimoto ezintsha zamandla

· Izindiza

· Imishini yezokwelapha

· Ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo

· III. Isifinyezo sobuchwepheshe bokushisela besikhathi esizayo

· Ngamafuphi, ukuthambekela kwentuthuko kanye nethuba lobuchwepheshe bokushisela kuyajabulisa. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwezinto zokwakha, imishini kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuzenzakalela, ubuchwepheshe bokushisela buzofinyelela kancane kancane intuthuko ephumelelayo, esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nehlakaniphile. Lokhu kuzohlinzeka ngamathuba nezinselelo ezengeziwe ekuthuthukisweni komkhakha wokukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, sidinga futhi ukucwaninga okujulile nokuhlola, futhi sikhuthaze njalo ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nentuthuko yobuchwepheshe bokushisela ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zemakethe ezishintshayo. Kuphela ngokuphishekela njalo ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nentuthuko, ubuchwepheshe bokushisela bungadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezimboni wesikhathi esizayo. Ubuchwepheshe bokushisela budlule imingcele yokukhiqiza kwendabuko futhi baba yisizinda sokusungula izinto ezintsha ezihlanganisa imikhakha eyahlukene. Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwayo nobuhlakani bokwenziwa, i-quantum computing, kanye ne-bioengineering kuzokwakha kabusha indawo yokuncintisana yokukhiqiza okusezingeni eliphezulu emhlabeni jikelele.