1. Isimiso sokukhiqizwa kwe-laser
Isakhiwo se-athomu sifana nesimiso esincane sonozungezilanga, sinenucleus ye-athomu phakathi. Ama-electron ahlala ezungeza i-nucleus ye-athomu, futhi i-nucleus ye-athomu nayo ihlale ijikeleza.
I-nucleus yakhiwe ngama-proton nama-neutron. Ama-proton ashajwe kahle futhi ama-neutron awashaji. Inani lezindleko ezinhle ezithwalwa yi-nucleus yonke lilingana nenani lezindleko ezingezinhle ezithwalwa yiwo wonke ama-electron, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile ama-athomu awathathi hlangothi emhlabeni wangaphandle.
Ngokuphathelene nesisindo se-athomu, i-nucleus igxilisa ingxenye enkulu ye-athomu, futhi isisindo esithathwe yiwo wonke ama-electron sincane kakhulu. Esakhiweni se-athomu, i-nucleus ithatha isikhala esincane kuphela. Ama-electron azungeza i-nucleus, futhi ama-electron anendawo enkulu kakhulu yokusebenza.
Ama-athomu “anamandla angaphakathi”, ahlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili: enye iwukuthi ama-electron anejubane elizungezayo namandla athile e-kinetic; enye iwukuthi kukhona ibanga phakathi kwama-electron ashajwe kabi kanye ne-nucleus eshajelwe kahle, futhi kukhona Inani elithile lamandla angaba khona. Isamba samandla e-kinetic namandla angaba khona awo wonke ama-electron amandla e-athomu yonke, ebizwa ngokuthi amandla angaphakathi e-athomu.
Wonke ama-electron azungeza i-nucleus; ngezinye izikhathi eduze ne-nucleus, amandla alawa ma-electron mancane; ngezinye izikhathi kude ne-nucleus, amandla alawa ma-electron makhulu; ngokwamathuba okuba khona, abantu bahlukanisa ungqimba lwe-electron ngokwehlukana ” “Izinga Lamandla”; “Kwezinga Lamandla” elithile, kungase kube nama-electron amaningi azungeza njalo, futhi i-electron ngayinye ayinawo umzila ongaguquki, kodwa lawa ma-electron wonke anezinga elifanayo lamandla; "Amazinga Amandla" ahlukanisiwe komunye nomunye. Yebo, ahlukaniswa ngokwamazinga wamandla. Umqondo “wezinga lamandla” awugcini nje ngokuhlukanisa ama-electron abe amazinga ngokwamandla, kodwa futhi uhlukanisa indawo ezungezayo yama-electron abe amazinga amaningi. Ngamafuphi, i-athomu ingase ibe namazinga amaningi wamandla, futhi amazinga ahlukene wamandla ahambisana namandla ahlukene; amanye ama-electron azungeza “ezingeni eliphansi lamandla” kanti amanye ama-electron azungeza “ezingeni eliphezulu lamandla”.
Namuhla, izincwadi ze-physics zesikole esiphakathi ziye zaphawula ngokucacile izici zesakhiwo zama-athomu athile, imithetho yokusabalalisa ama-electron kungqimba ngayinye ye-electron, kanye nenani lama-electron emazingeni ahlukene wamandla.
Ohlelweni lwe-athomu, ama-electron ahamba ngokwezigaba, amanye ama-athomu emazingeni aphezulu wamandla kanti amanye asezingeni eliphansi lamandla; ngoba ama-athomu ahlala ethinteka endaweni ezungezile yangaphandle (izinga lokushisa, ugesi, uzibuthe), ama-electron anezinga eliphezulu lamandla awazinzile futhi azoshintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo aye ezingeni eliphansi lamandla, umphumela wawo ungamuncwa, noma uveze imiphumela ekhethekile yokuvusa amadlingozi futhi ubangele “ ukukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo”. Ngakho-ke, ohlelweni lwe-athomu, lapho ama-electron ezinga eliphezulu lamandla eshintshela kumazinga aphansi wamandla, kuzoba nokubonakaliswa okubili: "ukukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo" kanye "nokukhishwa okukhuthazwayo".
Imisebe ezenzakalelayo, ama-electron asezindaweni ezinamandla amakhulu awazinzile futhi, athintwa indawo ezungezile yangaphandle (izinga lokushisa, ugesi, uzibuthe), athuthela ngokuzenzakalelayo emazweni angenawo amandla aphansi, futhi amandla engeziwe asakazwa ngendlela yama-photons. Isici salolu hlobo lwemisebe ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwe-electron ngayinye kwenziwa ngokuzimela futhi akwenzeki. Izimo ze-photon zokukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo kwama-electron ahlukene zihlukile. Ukukhishwa kokukhanya okuzenzakalelayo kusesimweni "esingaqondakali" futhi kunezikhombisi-ndlela ezihlakazekile. Kodwa-ke, imisebe ezenzakalelayo inezici zama-athomu ngokwawo, futhi i-spectra yemisebe ezenzakalelayo yama-athomu ahlukene ihlukile. Ikhuluma ngalokhu, ikhumbuza abantu ngolwazi oluyisisekelo lwe-physics, “Noma iyiphi into inamandla okukhipha ukushisa, futhi into leyo inamandla okumunca ngokuqhubekayo nokukhipha amaza kagesi. Amagagasi kagesi asakazwa ukushisa anokusabalalisa kwe-spectrum ethile. Le spectrum Ukusabalalisa kuhlobene nezakhiwo zento ngokwayo kanye nezinga lokushisa layo. Ngakho-ke, isizathu sokuba khona kwemisebe eshisayo ukukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo kwama-athomu.
Ekukhishweni okukhuthazwayo, ama-electron ezingeni eliphezulu ashintshela ezingeni lamandla aphansi ngaphansi "kokuvuselela" noma "ukufakwa" kokuthi "amafotoni afanele izimo" futhi akhiphe i-photon yefrikhwensi efanayo nesithombeni sesigameko. Isici esikhulu kunazo zonke semisebe evuselelwe ukuthi ama-photon akhiqizwa imisebe evuselelwe anesimo esifanayo ncamashi nesehlakalo sama-photon akhiqiza imisebe evuselelwe. Basesimweni “esibumbene”. Banobuningi obufanayo kanye nesiqondiso esifanayo, futhi akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukuhlukanisa kokubili. umehluko phakathi kwalezo. Ngale ndlela, i-photon eyodwa iba ama-photon amabili afanayo ngokukhishwa okukodwa okuvuselelwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhanya kuyaqiniswa, noma “kukhulisiwe”.
Manje ake siphinde sihlaziye, yiziphi izimo ezidingekayo ukuze kutholwe imisebe evuselelwe kaningi?
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, inani lama-electron emazingeni aphezulu wamandla lihlala lingaphansi kwenani lama-electron emazingeni aphansi wamandla. Uma ufuna ama-athomu akhiqize imisebe evuselelwe, ufuna ukwandisa inani lama-electron emazingeni aphezulu wamandla, ngakho udinga “umthombo wephampu”, onhloso yawo kuwukugqugquzela ama-electron amaningi kakhulu anezinga eliphansi lamandla agxumela emazingeni aphezulu amandla. , ngakho-ke inani lama-electron ezinga eliphezulu lamandla lizoba ngaphezu kwenani lama-electron ezinga eliphansi lamandla, futhi "ukuguqulwa kwenombolo yezinhlayiyana" kuzokwenzeka. Ama-electron amaningi aphezulu kakhulu angahlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Isikhathi sizogxumela ezingeni eliphansi lamandla, ngakho-ke amathuba okukhishwa kwemisebe azokwanda.
Yiqiniso, "umthombo wepompo" usethelwe ama-athomu ahlukene. Kwenza ama-electron "azwakale" futhi avumele ama-electron amaningi asezingeni eliphansi lamandla ukuthi agxumele kumazinga aphezulu wamandla. Abafundi bangaqonda ngokuyisisekelo, iyini i-laser? Ikhiqizwa kanjani i-laser? I-laser “imisebe ekhanyayo” “ejatshuliswa” ama-athomu ento ngaphansi kwesenzo “somthombo wepompo” othize. Lokhu laser.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-27-2024
