1. Isimiso sokukhiqizwa kwe-laser
Isakhiwo se-athomu sifana nesimiso esincane selanga, esine-nucleus ye-athomu phakathi. Ama-electron ahlala ejikeleza i-nucleus ye-athomu, kanti ne-nucleus ye-athomu nayo ijikeleza njalo.
I-nucleus yakhiwe ngama-proton nama-neutron. Ama-proton ashajwa kahle kanti ama-neutron awashajwa. Inani lamacala amahle athwalwa yi-nucleus yonke lilingana nenani lamacala amabi athwalwa ama-electron wonke, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile ama-athomu awathathi hlangothi ezweni langaphandle.
Ngokuphathelene nobunzima be-athomu, i-nucleus igxila ingxenye enkulu yobunzima be-athomu, kanti ubunzima obuthathwa yiwo wonke ama-electron buncane kakhulu. Esakhiweni se-athomu, i-nucleus ithatha isikhala esincane kuphela. Ama-electron ajikeleza i-nucleus, kanti ama-electron anesikhala esikhulu kakhulu somsebenzi.
Ama-athomu “ane-energy yangaphakathi”, aqukethe izingxenye ezimbili: enye ukuthi ama-electron anejubane lokuzungeza kanye namandla athile e-kinetic; enye ukuthi kunebanga phakathi kwama-electron ashajwe kabi kanye ne-nucleus eshajwe kahle, futhi kukhona inani elithile lamandla angase abe khona. Isamba samandla e-kinetic kanye namandla angase abe khona awo wonke ama-electron amandla e-athomu yonke, abizwa ngokuthi amandla angaphakathi e-athomu.
Wonke ama-electron ajikeleza i-nucleus; ngezinye izikhathi eduze kwe-nucleus, amandla ala ma-electron mancane; ngezinye izikhathi kude ne-nucleus, amandla ala ma-electron makhulu; ngokuya ngamathuba okwenzeka, abantu bahlukanisa ungqimba lwama-electron lube ""Izinga Lamandla" elihlukile; "Ezingeni Lamandla" elithile, kungase kube nama-electron amaningi ajikeleza njalo, futhi i-electron ngayinye ayinawo umjikelezo oqondile, kodwa lawa ma-electron onke anezinga elifanayo lamandla; "Amazinga Amandla" ahlukaniswe komunye nomunye. Yebo, ahlukaniswe ngokwamazinga amandla. Umqondo "wezinga lamandla" awugcini nje ngokuhlukanisa ama-electron abe amazinga ngokwamandla, kodwa futhi uhlukanisa isikhala sokuzungeza sama-electron sibe amazinga amaningi. Ngamafuphi, i-athomu ingaba namazinga amandla amaningi, futhi amazinga amandla ahlukene ahambisana namandla ahlukene; amanye ama-electron ajikeleza "ezinga lamandla aphansi" kanti amanye ama-electron ajikeleza "ezinga lamandla aphezulu".
Kulezi zinsuku, izincwadi zefiziksi zesikole samabanga aphakathi ziye zaphawula ngokucacile izici zesakhiwo sama-athomu athile, imithetho yokusatshalaliswa kwama-electron kungqimba ngayinye yama-electron, kanye nenani lama-electron emazingeni ahlukene amandla.
Esimisweni se-athomu, ama-electron ahamba ngezingqimba, amanye ama-athomu emazingeni aphezulu amandla kanti amanye emazingeni aphansi amandla; ngoba ama-athomu ahlala ethintwa yindawo yangaphandle (izinga lokushisa, ugesi, amandla kazibuthe), ama-electron asezingeni eliphezulu amandla awazinzile futhi azoshintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo aye ezingeni eliphansi lamandla, umphumela wawo ungamuncwa, noma ungaveza imiphumela ekhethekile yokuvuselela futhi ubangele "ukukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo". Ngakho-ke, ohlelweni lwe-athomu, lapho ama-electron asezingeni eliphezulu amandla eguqukela emazingeni aphansi amandla, kuzoba nezibonakaliso ezimbili: "ukukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo" kanye "nokukhishwa okukhuthazwayo".
Imisebe ezenzakalelayo, ama-electron ezimweni zamandla aphezulu awazinzile futhi, ethintwa yindawo yangaphandle (izinga lokushisa, ugesi, i-magnetism), athuthela ngokuzenzekelayo ezimweni zamandla aphansi, futhi amandla amaningi akhishwa ngesimo sama-photon. Isici salolu hlobo lwemisebe ukuthi ukuguquka kwe-electron ngayinye kwenziwa ngokuzimela futhi kwenzeka ngokungahleliwe. Izimo ze-photon zokukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo kwama-electron ahlukene zihlukile. Ukukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo kokukhanya kusesimeni "esingacacile" futhi kuneziqondiso ezihlakazekile. Kodwa-ke, imisebe ezenzakalelayo inezici zama-athomu ngokwawo, kanti ama-spectra emisebe ezenzakalelayo yama-athomu ahlukene ahlukile. Uma sikhuluma ngalokhu, kukhumbuza abantu ngolwazi oluyisisekelo ku-physics, "Noma iyiphi into inamandla okukhipha ukushisa, futhi into inamandla okumunca nokukhipha amaza kagesi njalo. Amaza kagesi akhishwa ukushisa anokusatshalaliswa okuthile kwe-spectrum. Lokhu kusatshalaliswa kwe-spectrum kuhlobene nezakhiwo zento ngokwayo kanye nokushisa kwayo." Ngakho-ke, isizathu sokuba khona kwemisebe eshisayo ukukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo kwama-athomu.
Ekukhishweni okukhuthaziwe, ama-electron asezingeni eliphezulu ashintshela ezingeni lamandla aphansi ngaphansi "kokuvuselelwa" noma "ukungeniswa" kwama-"photon afanele izimo" futhi akhiphe i-photon yemvamisa efanayo ne-photon yesigameko. Isici esikhulu sokukhishwa kwemisebe okukhuthaziwe ukuthi ama-photon akhiqizwa yimisebe ekhuthaziwe anesimo esifanayo ncamashi nama-photon esigameko akhiqiza imisebe ekhuthaziwe. Asesimweni "esihambisanayo". Anemvamisa efanayo kanye nesiqondiso esifanayo, futhi akunakwenzeka nhlobo ukuhlukanisa umehluko phakathi kwalawo amabili. Ngale ndlela, i-photon eyodwa iba ama-photon amabili afanayo ngokukhishwa okukodwa okukhuthaziwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhanya kuyaqiniswa, noma "kuyandiswa".
Manje ake sihlaziye futhi, yiziphi izimo ezidingekayo ukuze kutholakale imisebe evuselelwa njalo?
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, inani lama-electron asezingeni eliphezulu lamandla lihlala lingaphansi kwenani lama-electron asezingeni eliphansi lamandla. Uma ufuna ama-athomu akhiqize imisebe evuselelwe, ufuna ukwandisa inani lama-electron asezingeni eliphezulu lamandla, ngakho-ke udinga "umthombo wephampu", onhloso yawo iwukukhuthaza amanye ama-electron amaningi kakhulu asezingeni eliphansi lamandla agxuma aye emazingeni aphezulu lamandla, ngakho-ke inani lama-electron asezingeni eliphezulu lamandla lizoba ngaphezu kwenani lama-electron asezingeni eliphansi lamandla, futhi kuzokwenzeka "ukuguqulwa kwenombolo yezinhlayiya". Ama-electron amaningi kakhulu asezingeni eliphezulu lamandla angahlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Isikhathi sizokweqa siye ezingeni eliphansi lamandla, ngakho-ke amathuba okukhishwa kwemisebe okuvuselelwe azokwanda.
Yiqiniso, "umthombo wephampu" umiselwe ama-athomu ahlukene. Wenza ama-electron "azwakale" futhi avumele ama-electron amaningi asezingeni eliphansi ukuba afinyelele emazingeni aphezulu amandla. Abafundi bangaqonda ngokuyisisekelo, iyini i-laser? Ikhiqizwa kanjani i-laser? I-laser "iwukukhanya okukhanyayo" "okuthokoziswa" ama-athomu ento ngaphansi kwesenzo "somthombo wephampu" othize. Lena i-laser.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-27-2024
