Ukuhlanganiswa Kokushisela
1. Igebe Lokuhlangana Nokungalungi
Ikhwalithi yokuhlanganiswa ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ikhwalithi yokushisela. Izikhala eziningi zokuhlangana noma ukungahleleki kahle kungabangela kalula amaphutha njengokusha, ukwakheka kabi kokushisela, kanye nokungena okungaphelele. Isikhala sokuhlangana kwama-fillet nama-butt joints kufanele sibe sincane ngangokunokwenzeka. Ithebula 8-2 libala izidingo zezikhala kanye nokungahleleki kahle kokushisela kwe-laser autogenous okuphethwe ngesandla.
Ukuqinisekisa ubukhulu bezingxenye zomsebenzi, ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka, nokuvimbela ukungahleleki kahle kwendawo ezoshintshwa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwe-torsional ngesikhathi sokushintshwa, ukushintshwa kwe-tack kuvame ukudingeka ngaphambi kokushintshwa. Indlela yenqubo efanayo nokushintshwa okusemthethweni isetshenziswa ekushisweni kwe-tack yokuhlanganisa. Ubude be-tack welds bungu-20–30mm, futhi izidingo zekhwalithi ze-tack welds (isb., ukujula nobubanzi bokungena) ziphansi kunezo zokushiswa okusemthethweni. Isivinini sokuhamba esisheshayo ngokuvamile sisetshenziselwa ukushiswa kwe-tack kune-formal welding. Ngenxa yokuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuthembekile kwe-tack welds, ama-tack welds kufanele abe yisicaba, amade, futhi abe mancane, futhi akufanele abe makhulu kakhulu, abanzi, noma aphezulu. Ama-tack welds nawo adinga ukuvikelwa okwanele ukugwema i-oxidation.
3. Izinto zokwakha kanye nama-clamp
Ukushisela nge-laser kusetshenziselwa kakhuluukushisela ipuleti elincane. Ekushiseni kwe-thin-plate, ukushiseni kuvame ukwenziwa ohlangothini olungaphambili lwe-workpiece, kanye nokuncibilika okwanele ohlangothini olungemuva ukuze kufezwe ukushiseni kwangemuva okwakhiwe kahle. Ukukhetha amapharamitha: ukufaka ukushisa okuphansi kungabangela ukuhlangana okungaphelele ngemuva; ukufaka ukushisa okuphezulu, ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukungena okugcwele ngemuva, kungaholela ekushiseni ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi ensimbi encibilikisiwe noma ububanzi bokuncibilika obungalingani maqondana nobukhulu be-workpiece. Ukuvimbela ukushiseni, uma i-workpiece ivumela ukubopha, kufanele kusetshenziswe izinto zokubopha i-workpiece ngesikhathi sokushiseni kwe-thin-plate—ukucindezela ohlangothini olungaphambili bese kubeka ipuleti elingemuva lethusi noma lensimbi engagqwali ohlangothini olungemuva. Lokhu kuvimbela izinguquko ezikhaleni zokuhlangana noma ukungalungi okubangelwa ukuguqulwa kokushiseni futhi kugwema ukuwa kokushisa. Lapho i-workpiece inokushisa okungalingani kuzo zonke izifunda ngenxa yezizathu zesakhiwo, ukusebenzisa izinto zokulinganisela ukushiseni nakho kuyasebenza, kuhloswe ukwakha ama-weld anezilinganiso ezifanayo kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zangaphambili nangemuva.
Ukukhethwa kwamapharamitha okushisela
Ngokuvamile, amapharamitha okushisela nge-laser afaka amandla e-laser, ububanzi be-laser pulse, inani le-defocus, isivinini sokushisela, kanye negesi yokuvikela.
1. Amandla e-Laser
Kukhona ubuningi bamandla e-laser threshold ekushiseni nge-laser. Ngaphansi kwalo mkhawulo, ukujula kokungena akujulile; uma sekufinyelelwe noma kudluliwe, ukujula kokungena kuyanda kakhulu. I-Plasma ikhiqizwa kuphela lapho ubuningi bamandla e-laser ku-workpiece budlula umkhawulo, okubonisa ukushisisa kokungena okujulile okuzinzile. Ngaphansi komkhawulo, kwenzeka ukuncibilika kwendawo kuphela (ukushisisa kokushisa okuzinzile). Eduze kwesimo esibucayi sokwakheka kwe-keyhole, ukungena okujulile kanye nokushintshana kokushisisa kokushisa, okuholela enkambisweni engazinzile enokuguquguquka okukhulu ekujuleni kokungena. Amandla e-laser angenye yemingcele ebaluleke kakhulu ekucutshungulweni kwe-laser futhi iyisici esibalulekile sokujula kokungena kwe-weld. Ngobubanzi bendawo obugxilile obuqondile, ubuningi bamandla e-laser buhambisana namandla e-laser: amandla aphezulu andisa ukujula kokungena kanye nesivinini sokushisisa. Kodwa-ke, amandla amaningi abangela ukushisa ngokweqile kwechibi elincibilikisiwe, andisa ububanzi be-weld kanye nendawo ethintekile ekushiseni (i-HAZ), futhi kuholela ekuchithekeni okwengeziwe, okungangcolisa ilensi yokushisisa. Ngamandla aphezulu, ungqimba olungaphezulu lungashiswa lube sezingeni lokubila futhi lushiswe kakhulu ngaphakathi kwamasekhondi amancane, okwenza lube luhle kakhulu ezinqubweni zokususa izinto ezifana nokubhoboza, ukusika, kanye nokuqopha. Ngamandla aphansi, ubuso buthatha ama-milliseconds ukuze bufike endaweni yokubila, futhi ungqimba olungaphansi luyancibilika ngaphambi kokuhwamuka kobuso, okwenza kube lula ukushisela kahle kwe-fusion.
2. Ububanzi be-Laser Pulse
Ububanzi be-laser pulse, noma "ububanzi be-pulse," buyipharamitha ebalulekile ekushiseni kwe-laser pulsed. Kunqunywa ukujula kokungena kanye ne-HAZ: ububanzi be-pulse obude bukhulisa i-HAZ, futhi ukujula kokungena kuyanda ngempande yesikwele yobubanzi be-pulse. Kodwa-ke, ububanzi be-pulse obude bunciphisa amandla aphezulu, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa ukushisisa ukushisa, akha ama-weld abanzi, angajulile—ikakhulukazi afanelekela amalunga e-lap amapuleti amancane namakhulu. Kodwa-ke, amandla aphezulu aphansi abangela ukufakwa kokushisa ngokweqile, futhi into ngayinye inobubanzi be-pulse obuhle kakhulu bokujula kokungena okuphezulu.
3. Ukukhethwa Kwenani Lokususa Ukugxila
Indawo yendawo egxile kuyo ibaluleke kakhuluukushisela kwe-laser fusion. Uma ukugxila kungaphezu kobuso be-workpiece, ukujula kokungena kuncane, okwenza kube nzima ukushisela ukungena okujulile. Uma ukugxila kungaphansi kobuso, ubuningi bamandla ngaphakathi kwe-workpiece buphakeme kunobuso, okukhuthaza ukuncibilika okunamandla nokuhwamuka, okuvumela amandla ukuthi adlulele ngokujulile ku-workpiece futhi kwandise ukujula kokungena. Kunezindlela ezimbili ze-defocus: i-defocus enhle (indiza yokugxila ngaphezu kwe-workpiece) kanye ne-defocus embi (indiza yokugxila ngaphansi kwe-workpiece). Empeleni, kuma-plate amakhulu adinga ukujula okukhulu kokungena, kusetshenziswa i-defocus embi, lapho ukugxila kwe-laser kuvame ukuba yi-1–2mm ngaphansi kobuso be-workpiece. Kuma-plate amancane, i-defocus enhle iyathandwa, lapho ukugxila okungu-1–1.5mm ngaphezu kobuso.
4. Isivinini Sokushisela
Uma ezinye izinhlaka zilungisiwe, ukujula kokungena kwehla njengoba isivinini sokushisela sikhuphuka, kuyilapho ukusebenza kahle kuthuthuka. Isivinini esikhulu kakhulu asihlangabezani nezidingo zokungena; isivinini esiphansi kakhulu sibangela ukuncibilika ngokweqile, ukushisela okubanzi, ukushisa ngokweqile kwe-HAZ, kanye nokwanda kokuthambekela kokuqhekeka kokushisa.ukushisela nge-laser okushukunyiswayo, isivinini sinqunywa futhi yimvamisa ephezulu yokushaya kwenhliziyo kanye nokugqagqana kwesikhala okudingekayo—indawo ngayinye yokushaya kwenhliziyo elandelayo kumele igqagqane ngezinga elithile. Ngakho-ke, ngamandla e-laser anikeziwe kanye nobukhulu bezinto ezibonakalayo, kunebanga lesivinini elifanele, lapho ukujula kokungena okuphezulu kufinyelelwa khona ngesivinini esithile.
5. Igesi Evikelayo
Amagesi angasebenzi avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuvikela ichibi elincibilikisiwe ngesikhathi sokushisela nge-laser. Nakuba ezinye izinto zingase zingadingi ukuvikelwa ekushiseni komhlaba, izinhlelo eziningi ziyakwenza lokho. Ngokwesiko, i-Ar, i-N₂, kanye ne-He zisetshenziselwa ukushisela nge-laser ye-aluminium alloy ukuvimbela ukushisisa. Ngokwethiyori, i-He ilula kakhulu enamandla aphezulu e-ionization, kodwa ngamandla aphansi kanye nesivinini esiphezulu, i-plasma ibuthakathaka, okunciphisa umehluko phakathi kwamagesi. Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo, i-N₂ ibangela kalula ukwakheka kwe-keyhole ngenxa yokusabela kwe-exothermic ne-Al; ama-ternary compounds e-Al-NO aphumelayo anomuncwa ophezulu we-laser. Kodwa-ke, i-N₂ emsulwa yakha izigaba ze-Al-N ezibuthakathaka kanye nama-pores kuma-welds. Amagesi angasebenzi, njengoba elula, ayaphuma ngaphandle kokubangela ama-pores, okwenza amagesi axubile asebenze kangcono. Muva nje, ucwaningo ngokushisela nge-laser ye-Al kusetshenziswa izingxube ze-Ar-O₂ kanye ne-N₂-O₂ luye lwanda.
6. Ukumuncwa kwezinto
Ukumuncwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwamandla e-laser kuncike ezimfanelweni ezifana nokumuncwa, ukubuyisa, ukuqhuba ukushisa, izinga lokushisa lokuncibilika, kanye nezinga lokushisa lokuhwamuka, kanti ukumuncwa kuyizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu. Izici ezithinta ukumuncwa zifaka:
Ukumelana nogesi: Ezindaweni ezipholishiwe, ukumuncwa kuhambisana nempande yesikwele yokumelana, ehlukahluka ngokushisa.
Isimo somphezulu: Kuthinta kakhulu ukumuncwa kwento futhi ngaleyo ndlela kubangele imiphumela yokushisela.
Amathiphu Okusebenza kanye Nezindlela Zokubhekana Nokushiswa Kwe-Laser Ye-Fiber Ephathwayo
1. Gwema imisebe ye-Arc
Abashiseli be-fiber laser abaphathwa ngesandlasebenzisa imisebe ye-laser ye-fiber yekilasi lesi-4 ekhipha imisebe (1080±3)nm enamandla okukhipha angaphezu kuka-1000W (kuye ngokuthi imodeli). Ukuvezwa okuqondile noma okungaqondile kungalimaza amehlo noma isikhumba. Nakuba kungabonakali, umsebe ungabangela umonakalo ongenakulungiseka ku-retina noma ku-cornea. Gqoka njalo izibuko zokuphepha ze-laser eziqinisekisiwe lapho i-laser isebenza. Ungalokothi ubheke ngqo ikhanda lokukhipha ngenkathi i-laser ivuliwe, ngisho nangama-goggles.
2. Ukusetha Amapharamitha Okushisela
Setha amandla aphansi e-laser esikrinini sokuthinta (njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8-2). Beka i-nozzle yethusi yekhanda lokushisela eduze kwento yokusebenza bese ucindezela inkinobho yethoshi ukuze ukhiphe i-laser yokushisela. Amapharamitha ajwayelekile: imvamisa ye-laser engu-5000Hz, isivinini se-galvanometer esingu-300–600, ukubambezeleka kwegesi >100ms, umjikelezo womsebenzi ongu-100% wokukhipha okuqhubekayo. Lungisa ububanzi be-weld ngokusekelwe ezikhaleni zokuhlangana; amandla angalungiswa kusuka ku-0–1000W (0–100% wobuningi). Ngemuva kokufaka amapharamitha, chofoza okuthi “Kulungile” bese ulondoloza ukuze izilungiselelo zisebenze.
4. Ungakhulisi Isivinini Sokushisela Ngokweqile
Ama-weld akhiwa ngokuhambisa umthombo we-laser (bheka uMfanekiso 8-3). Ukujula nobubanzi kuncike esivinini namandla, ngesivinini esijwayelekile esingu-1-3 m/min, okukhiqiza izindawo ezibushelelezi, ezingenaso isikali ezinesilinganiso se-aspect <1. Ku-current kanye ne-voltage ehleliwe, ukushintsha kwesivinini kuthinta ngqo ukufakwa kokushisa, ukushintsha ukungena kanye nobubanzi. Isivinini esikhulu kakhulu sibangela ukushisa okunganele, okuholela ekungeneni okuncishisiwe, ububanzi obuncane, ukusika okungaphansi, ama-pores, kanye nokungena okungaphelele.
Ukuhlanza ngomshini: Sebenzisa amabhulashi ensimbi engagqwali noma amasondo asebenzisa umoya ukuze ususe ama-oxide kuze kube yilapho sekuqediwe okumhlophe okukhanyayo. Shibilika ngokushesha ngemva kokupholisha; phinda upholishe uma ukupholisha kubambezelekile amahora angaphezu kwama-36.
Ukuhlanza ngamakhemikhali: Susa ama-oxide usebenzisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali (izindlela ziyahlukahluka ngezinto). Ithebula 8-3 libala izindlela zokuhlanza ngamakhemikhali zama-aluminium alloys. Susa uwoyela/uthuli ngezinyibilikisi eziphilayo (uphethiloli, i-isopropyl alcohol) ngokucwilisa, ukusula, nokomisa.
5. Nciphisa i-Porosity
Ama-hydrogen pores avamile ekushiseni nge-laser ye-aluminium alloy. Anciphise ngokususa umswakama womphezulu, uwoyela, nama-oxide. Ukwandisa isikhathi sokupholisa ichibi elincibilikisiwe (ngokwandisa ububanzi be-pulse) kusiza amagesi ukuba aphume, njengoba umjikelezo wokushisa osheshayo we-laser welding ukhawulela ukukhishwa kwegesi. Gwema izikhundla zokugxila noma ezingezinhle ze-defocus, lapho ukusabela okukhulu kwechibi elincibilikisiwe kanye nokuhwamuka kwe-alloy kwandisa i-porosity; sebenzisa amandla athambile nge-defocus elungisiwe ukuze unciphise ukuhwamuka.
6. Naka ukuma kwethoshi
Izibani ze-laser eziphathwa ngesandla (bheka uMfanekiso 8-4) zinzima kunezibani ze-TIG futhi zinezintambo ezijiyile, okubangela ukukhathala komqhubi. Ukuze ushisele isikhathi eside, bamba ithoshi ngezandla zombili, gcina umlomo uxhumene ne-workpiece, uqondise kahle i-weld, bese udonsa ithoshi kancane kancane liye kuwe. Lungisa ukuma ngokusekelwe endaweni yokushisela ukuze unciphise ukukhathala kanye nenani lamalunga.
7. Vimbela Ukulimala Nge-Laser
Ukusebenza okungalungile kungabangela izingozi. Landela le mithetho:
Ungalokothi ubheke ikhanda lokukhipha i-laser ngesikhathi sokusebenza.
Ungasebenzisiama-laser efayibhaezindaweni ezimnyama/ezimnyama.
Ungalokothi uqondise ithoshi kubantu uma idivayisi isebenza.
Sebenzisa izithiyo zensimbi ngaphakathi kwama-3m ukusuka endaweni yokushisela.
Vimbela ukufinyelela endaweni yokushisela kubasebenzi kuphela.
Gqoka izinto zokuzivikela (izibuko zokuzivikela eziqinisekisiwe, imaski, amagilavu). Ungalokothi ubheke ikhanda lokukhipha ngenkathi i-laser ivuliwe, ngisho noma usebenzisa izibuko zokuzivikela.
Phatha ithoshi kanye nekhebula ngokucophelela (ubuncane berediyasi yokugoba >200mm).
Khubaza ukhiye wokukhipha i-laser uma ungasetshenziswa.
Qinisekisa ikhwalithi ye-nozzle ukuze uvikeleke kahle ngegesi:
Izindonga zangaphakathi ezibushelelezi, ezigxile nge-laser.
Shintsha ama-nozzle aguqukile ngokushesha ukuze ugcine ukunyakaza kwethoshi okuzinzile.
Usayizi wokuvula i-nozzle (bheka uMfanekiso 8-6) uthinta ikhwalithi yokushisela: ukuvuleka okukhulu kwandisa ukugeleza kwegesi, kusheshise ukuqina futhi kukhuphule izingozi zokuqhekeka/ukuqhekeka.
8. Gwema Isivinini Esiphezulu Se-Crack-Sensitive Alloys
Ukushisela nge-laser okubanjwe ngesandlaisebenzisa izibani ze-galvanometer ezizimele, ezingenazintambo, nezinyakazayo. Isivinini esiphezulu sinciphisa ukungena, sinciphisa ukushibilika, sibangela ukuncipha, futhi siphazamise ukumbozwa kwegesi yokuvikela, okwenza ukuvikelwa kube kubi kakhulu. Sebenzisa isivinini esiphansi kuma-alloy azwela ukuqhekeka.
9. Qinisekisa ikhwalithi ehlangene
Umehluko wokushisa kanye nokushisela okungenazintambo kungabangela ukusha, imifantu, noma imifantu yemifantu. Shisela njalo ukuze unciphise ukuma; uma ukuma kungenakugwenywa (isb., ukushintsha kwesikhundla, ukushisela okuhlukaniswe ngezigaba), yehlisa kancane (10mm) ngaphambi kokuma ukuze uvimbele imifantu. Qala kabusha ngo-20mm ngemuva kwemifantu yangaphambili ukuze uthole ukugoqana kanye nekhwalithi.
10. Landela Ukuhamba Kwethoshi Okufanele
Donsa ithoshi liye kuwe (kusuka kude kuya eduze) ngaphandle kokunyakaza okuseceleni. Gcina isivinini esizinzile ngenkathi uqapha ukwakheka kwe-weld okuqhubekayo. Ngokushisela okuqondile, sebenzisa ukuhamba phansi (hhayi phezulu) ukuze usebenzise ukuqina okusheshayo nokuqinisekisa ukunyakaza okuzinzile.
11. Gwema Ukunqunywa Okungaphansi, Amafillet Amancane, Nokudilika Kuma-Lap Welds
Kuma-lap welds, lungisa i-engeli ye-laser incidence ukuze i-galvanometer imboze u-2/3 wepuleti eliqondile (bheka uMfanekiso 8-7). Lokhu kuncibilikisa ipuleti eliqondile (njenge-filler) kanye no-1/3 wepuleti eliyisisekelo ngokuqhutshwa kokushisa, kwakha i-weld enobukhulu obanele ngemva kokupholisa. Ama-lap welds abuthakathaka anciphisa amandla amalunga, anciphise ukumelana nokuqhekeka, noma abangele ukwehluleka kwesakhiwo—gwema ukunqunywa okungafanele.
12. Yehlisa Ukukhanya Kokushisela I-Aluminium Alloy
I-Aluminium ikhombisa amandla e-laser angu-60–98%. Ukukhanya kwehla kakhulu endaweni yokuncibilika futhi kuzinze lapho kuncibilika. Ukumuncwa kwehla ngokwanda kwe-engeli yokukhanya; ukumuncwa okuphezulu kwenzeka lapho kuvamile (lungisa ukuvikelwa kwelensi). Nciphisa ukukhanya ngokususa ama-oxide ngokuhlanza ngomshini/ngamakhemikhali.
13. Ukusetshenziswa Okufanelekile Kwegesi Yokuvikela
Igesi yokuvikela ithinta ukwakheka kwe-weld, ukungena kwayo, kanye nobubanzi. Amagesi amaningi athuthukisa ikhwalithi kodwa angaba nezinkinga:
I-Ar: Amandla aphansi e-ionization, ukwakheka kwe-plasma ephezulu (ukunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-laser) kodwa okungasebenzi, okungabizi kakhulu, futhi okuminyene—okumboza kahle ichibi elincibilikisiwe (elifanele ukusetshenziswa okuvamile).
I-N₂: Amandla e-ionization aphakathi nendawo (kunciphisa i-plasma kangcono kune-Ar), kodwa isabela nensimbi ye-aluminium/carbon ukuze yakhe ama-nitride aqhekekile, okunciphisa ukuqina (akukhuthazwa kulezi zinto). Ifanele insimbi engagqwali, lapho ama-nitride athuthukisa khona amandla.
14. Izinga Lokugeleza Kwegesi Elivikelayo
Igesi ikhishwa nge-nozzle ngengcindezi ethile. Ukwakheka kwe-hydrodynamic kwe-nozzle kanye nobubanzi be-outlet kubalulekile: kukhulu ngokwanele ukumboza i-weld, kodwa kuvinjelwe ukuvimbela ukugeleza okuguquguqukayo (okudonsela umoya futhi kubangele ukubhoboka). Ku-laser welding ephathwayo, izinga lokugeleza elijwayelekile lingu-7L/min. Ukugeleza ngokweqile kuhlanganisa ukungcola echibini elincibilikisiwe, okubeka engcupheni ubumsulwa begesi—khetha izinga lokugeleza elifanele.
15. Isikhundla Sokugxila Kwe-Laser
Indawo yokugxila: Indawo encane kakhulu, amandla aphezulu kakhulu—ukusetshenziswaukushisela amabalanoma amandla aphansi, izidingo ezincane zosayizi wamachashazi (bheka uMfanekiso 8-8).
Ukususa ukugxila okungalungile: Indawo enkulu (iyanda ngebanga ukusuka ekugxileni)—ifanele ukushisela okuqhubekayo kokungena okujulile kanye nokushisela okujulile.
Ukususa ukugxila okuhle: Indawo enkulu (iyanda ngebanga ukusuka ekugxileni)—ifanele ukuvala ubuso noma ukushisela okuqhubekayo okungena kancane.
Ukulawula ukushisela okugcwele: Ukushintsha kombala okuncane ngemuva kubonisa ikhwalithi enhle; amamaki/ukungena okusobala kubangela ukuchitheka noma imisele ejulile ekushiseleni okuqhubekayo. Lungisa ukugxila, amandla, kanye nesimo samagagasi ngokusekelwe kumasampula. Sebenzisa izindawo ezincane zezinto ezincane ukuze ugweme ukusha.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-21-2025
