Isimiso Laser Generation

Kungani kudingeka sazi isimiso sama-lasers?

Ukwazi umehluko phakathi kwe-lasemiconductor lasers evamile, imicu, amadiski, kanyeI-laser ye-YAGfuthi kungasiza ekutholeni ukuqonda okungcono kanye nokuzibandakanya ezingxoxweni ezengeziwe phakathi nenqubo yokukhetha.

I-athikili igxile kakhulu kwisayensi ethandwayo: isingeniso esifushane somgomo wokukhiqiza i-laser, ukwakheka okuyinhloko kwama-lasers, kanye nezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezijwayelekile zamalaser.

Okokuqala, isimiso laser sizukulwane

I-Laser ikhiqizwa ngokusebenzisana phakathi kokukhanya nodaba, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukukhulisa imisebe evuselelwe; Ukuqonda ukukhulisa imisebe evuselelwe kudinga ukuqonda imiqondo ka-Einstein yokuphuma ngokuzenzekelayo, ukumuncwa okukhuthazwayo, nemisebe evuselelwe, kanye nezisekelo ezithile zethiyori ezidingekayo.

Isisekelo setiyori 1: Imodeli ye-Bohr

Imodeli ye-Bohr ihlinzeka ngokuyinhloko ngesakhiwo sangaphakathi sama-athomu, okwenza kube lula ukuqonda ukuthi ama-lasers enziwa kanjani. I-athomu yakhiwe yi-nucleus nama-electron angaphandle kwe-nucleus, futhi ama-orbitals ama-electron awanayo imingcele. Ama-electron anama-orbitals athile kuphela, phakathi kwawo i-orbital engaphakathi kakhulu ebizwa ngokuthi yi-ground state; Uma i-electron isesimweni esiphansi, amandla ayo aphansi kakhulu. Uma i-electron igxuma iphuma ku-orbit, ibizwa ngokuthi isimo sokuqala senjabulo, futhi amandla esimo sokuqala esijabulile ayoba phezulu kunalawo ezwe eliphansi; Enye i-orbit ibizwa ngokuthi isimo sesibili senjabulo;

Isizathu sokuthi kungani i-laser ingenzeka ingoba ama-electron azohamba emizileni ehlukene kulo modeli. Uma ama-electron emunca amandla, angagijima esuka endaweni ephansi aye endaweni ejabulile; Uma i-electron ibuya endaweni ejabulile iye endaweni ephansi, izokhulula amandla, avame ukukhululwa ngendlela ye-laser.

Isisekelo se-Theory 2: I-Einstein's Stimulated Radiation Theory

Ngo-1917, u-Einstein wenza isiphakamiso sethiyori yemisebe evuselelwe, okuyisisekelo sethiyori sokukhiqizwa kwe-laser nokukhiqizwa kwe-laser: ukumuncwa noma ukuphuma kwendaba kuwumphumela wokusebenzelana phakathi kwenkundla yemisebe kanye nezinhlayiya ezakha udaba, kanye nomnyombo walo. ingqikithi ukuguquka kwezinhlayiya phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene wamandla. Kunezinqubo ezintathu ezihlukene ekusebenzelaneni phakathi kokukhanya nezinto: ukukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo, ukukhishwa okukhuthazwayo, nokumuncwa okukhuthazwayo. Ohlelweni oluqukethe inani elikhulu lezinhlayiya, lezi zinqubo ezintathu zihlala zikhona futhi zihlobene eduze.

Ukukhishwa ngokuzenzekelayo:

Njengoba kuboniswe emfanekisweni: i-electron esezingeni eliphezulu lamandla E2 ishintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo iye ezingeni eliphansi lamandla E1 futhi ikhiphe i-photon enamandla e-hv, kanye ne-hv=E2-E1; Le nqubo yoguquko ezenzakalelayo nengahlobene ibizwa ngokuthi ukuguquguquka okuzenzakalelayo, futhi amaza okukhanya akhishwa ukuguquka okuzenzakalelayo abizwa ngokuthi imisebe ezenzakalelayo.

Izici zokukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo: I-photon ngayinye izimele, inezikhombisi-ndlela nezigaba ezihlukene, futhi isikhathi sokwenzeka futhi asihleliwe. Okokukhanya okungahlangani futhi okunesiphithiphithi, okungekona ukukhanya okudingekile yilaser. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokukhiqiza i-laser idinga ukunciphisa lolu hlobo lokukhanya okulahlekile. Lesi futhi ngesinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani ubude begagasi bama-lasers ahlukahlukene bube nokukhanya okulahlekile. Uma ilawulwa kahle, ingxenye yokuphuma ngokuzenzekelayo ku-laser ingashaywa indiva. I-laser ehlanzekile, njenge-1060 nm, yonke ingu-1060 nm, Lolu hlobo lwe-laser lunezinga lokumunca elizinzile namandla.

Ukumuncwa okukhuthazwayo:

Ama-electron emazingeni aphansi wamandla (ama-orbitals aphansi), ngemva kokumunca ama-photon, ukushintshela kumazinga aphezulu wamandla (ama-orbitals aphezulu), futhi le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukumuncwa okukhuthazwayo. Ukumuncwa okukhuthazwayo kubalulekile futhi kungenye yezinqubo zokumpompa ezibalulekile. Umthombo wephampu we-laser unikeza amandla e-photon ukuze ubangele izinhlayiya endaweni yokuzuza ukuya ekuguqukeni futhi ulinde imisebe evuselelwe kumazinga aphezulu wamandla, ekhipha i-laser.

Imisebe evuselelwe:

Lapho ikhanyiswa ukukhanya kwamandla angaphandle (hv=E2-E1), i-electron esezingeni eliphezulu lamandla ijatshuliswa i-photon yangaphandle futhi igxumele ezingeni eliphansi lamandla (i-orbit ephakeme igijimela emzileni ophansi). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ikhipha i-photon efana ncamashi ne-photon yangaphandle. Le nqubo ayikutholi ukukhanya kwasekuqaleni okuvusa amadlingozi, ngakho-ke kuzoba nama-photon amabili afanayo, angaqondwa njengoba i-electron ikhafula i-photon emuncwe ngaphambili, Le nqubo ye-luminescence ibizwa ngokuthi imisebe evuselelwe, okuyinqubo ehlehlayo yokumuncwa okuvuselelwe.

Ngemuva kokuthi inkolelo-mbono icacile, kulula kakhulu ukwakha i-laser, njengoba kukhonjisiwe emfanekisweni ongenhla: ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokuzinza kwezinto, iningi lama-electron asesimweni esiphansi, ama-electron asesimweni somhlaba, futhi i-laser incike imisebe evuselelwe. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwe-laser ukuvumela ukumuncwa okuvuselelwe ukuthi kwenzeke kuqala, kuletha ama-electron ezingeni eliphezulu lamandla, bese kuhlinzeka ngesasasa lokubangela inani elikhulu lama-electron asezingeni eliphezulu ukuba lithole imisebe evuselelwe, idedele ama-photon, Kusukela kulokhu, i-laser ingakhiqizwa. Okulandelayo, sizokwethula isakhiwo se-laser.

Isakhiwo se-laser:

Qondanisa ukwakheka kwe-laser nezimo zokukhiqiza i-laser okukhulunywe ngazo ekuqaleni ngakunye:

Isimo sokwenzeka kanye nesakhiwo esihambisanayo:

1. Kukhona indlela yokuzuza ehlinzeka ngomphumela wokukhulisa amandla njengendlela yokusebenza ye-laser, futhi izinhlayiya zayo ezicushiwe zinesakhiwo sezinga lamandla esilungele ukukhiqiza imisebe evuselelwe (ikakhulukazi ekwazi ukumpompa ama-electron ku-orbitals yamandla aphezulu futhi ibe khona isikhathi esithile. , bese ukhulula ama-photon ngomoya owodwa ngokusebenzisa imisebe evuselelwe);

2. Kunomthombo ovusa amadlingozi wangaphandle (umthombo wephampu) ongampompa ama-electron ukusuka ezingeni eliphansi ukuya kwephezulu, okubangela ukuguqulwa kwenombolo yezinhlayiyana phakathi kwamazinga angaphezulu naphansi e-laser (okungukuthi, lapho kunezinhlayiya eziningi zamandla aphezulu kune izinhlayiya zamandla aphansi), njengesibani se-xenon kumalaser e-YAG;

3. Kukhona umgodi ozwakalayo ongafinyelela i-laser oscillation, ukhuphule ubude bokusebenza bezinto ezisebenzayo ze-laser, uhlole imodi yegagasi lokukhanya, ulawule indlela yokusakaza ye-beam, ngokukhetha ukhulise imvamisa evuselelwe yemisebe ukuze uthuthukise i-monochromaticity (ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-laser ikhishwa ngamandla athile).

Isakhiwo esihambisanayo siboniswa esithombeni esingenhla, okuyisakhiwo esilula selaser ye-YAG. Ezinye izakhiwo zingase zibe yinkimbinkimbi, kodwa umnyombo yilokhu. Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-laser iboniswa emfanekisweni:

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Laser: ngokuvamile kuhlukaniswa nge- gain medium or by laser energy form

Thola ukuhlukaniswa okumaphakathi:

I-Carbon dioxide laser: Indlela yokuzuza ye-carbon dioxide laser yi-helium kanyeI-CO2 laser,ene-laser wavelength engu-10.6um, okungomunye wemikhiqizo yokuqala ye-laser okufanele yethulwe. I-laser welding yokuqala yayisekelwe ikakhulukazi ku-carbon dioxide laser, okwamanje esetshenziselwa ukushisela nokusika izinto ezingezona ezensimbi (izindwangu, amapulasitiki, ukhuni, njll.). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibuye isetshenziswe emishinini ye-lithography. I-Carbon dioxide laser ayikwazi ukudluliselwa ngemicu yokubona futhi ihamba ngezindlela ze-spatial optical, I-Tongkuai yokuqala yenziwa kahle kakhulu, futhi kwasetshenziswa imishini eminingi yokusika;

I-YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet) laser: Amakristalu e-YAG ahlanganiswe ne-neodymium (Nd) noma i-yttrium (Yb) ama-ion ensimbi asetshenziswa njengendlela yokuthola i-laser, enobude obungamaza obungu-1.06um. I-laser ye-YAG ingakhipha ama-pulses aphezulu, kodwa amandla ajwayelekile aphansi, futhi amandla aphezulu angafinyelela izikhathi ezingu-15 amandla ajwayelekile. Uma ikakhulukazi i-laser ye-pulse, ukuphuma okuqhubekayo akukwazi ukufezwa; Kodwa ingadluliselwa ngokusebenzisa imicu ye-optical, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga lokumuncwa kwezinto zensimbi liyakhula, futhi liqala ukusetshenziswa ezintweni eziphezulu zokubonakala, ezisetshenziswa kuqala emkhakheni we-3C;

I-fiber laser: I-mainstream yamanje emakethe isebenzisa i-ytterbium doped fiber njengendlela yokuzuza, enobude obungu-1060nm. Iphinde ihlukaniswe ibe yi-fiber kanye ne-disc lasers ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kwendawo ephakathi; I-Fiber optic imele i-IPG, kuyilapho idiski imele i-Tongkuai.

I-laser ye-semiconductor: I-rein medium yi-semiconductor PN junction, futhi ubude be-waveleng be-laser ye-semiconductor ikakhulukazi bu-976nm. Njengamanje, ama-lases aseduze ne-infrared asetshenziswa kakhulu ukumboza, anezindawo ezikhanyayo ezingaphezu kuka-600um. I-Laserline ibhizinisi elimele ama-lases semiconductor.

Ihlukaniswa ngohlobo lwesenzo samandla: I-Pulse laser (PULSE), i-quasi continuous laser (QCW), i-continuous laser (CW)

I-Pulse laser: i-nanosecond, i-picosecond, i-femtosecond, le laser ye-high-frequency pulse laser (ns, pulse wide) ingafinyelela amandla aphezulu aphezulu, ukucubungula imvamisa ephezulu (MHZ), esetshenziselwa ukucubungula ithusi elincanyana ne-aluminium izinto ezingafani, kanye nokuhlanza kakhulu . Ngokusebenzisa amandla aphezulu aphezulu, ingancibilikisa ngokushesha izinto eziyisisekelo, ngesikhathi esiphansi sesenzo kanye nendawo encane ethintekile ukushisa. Inezinzuzo ekucubunguleni izinto ezincanyana kakhulu (ngaphansi kuka-0.5mm);

I-quasi continuous laser (QCW): Ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokuphindaphinda kanye nomjikelezo ophansi womsebenzi (ngaphansi kwama-50%), ububanzi be-pulseI-laser ye-QCWifinyelela ku-50 us-50 ms, igcwalise igebe phakathi kweleveli ye-kilowatt ye-fiber eqhubekayo kanye ne-Q-switched pulse laser; Amandla aphezulu we-quasi continuous fiber laser angafinyelela izikhathi ezingu-10 kumandla amaphakathi ngaphansi kokusebenza kwemodi eqhubekayo. Ama-laser e-QCW ngokuvamile anezinhlobo ezimbili, eyodwa iwukushisela ngokuqhubekayo ngamandla aphansi, kanti enye i-pulsed laser welding enamandla amakhulu aphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10 amandla ajwayelekile, angafinyelela izinto eziwugqinsi kanye nokushisela ukushisa okwengeziwe, kuyilapho ilawula ukushisa ngaphakathi kwe ububanzi obuncane kakhulu;

I-Laser Eqhubekayo (CW): Lena isetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi iningi lama-lasers abonwa emakethe ama-laser e-CW akhipha i-laser ngokuqhubekayo yokucutshungulwa kokushisela. Ama-laser e-fiber ahlukaniswe abe ama-lasers emodi eyodwa kanye nemodi eminingi ngokuya ngamadayimitha ayisisekelo ahlukene kanye nezimfanelo ze-beam, futhi angashintshwa ukuze ahambisane nezimo zohlelo lokusebenza ezahlukene.