Isimiso Sokukhiqiza I-Laser

Kungani sidinga ukwazi isimiso sama-laser?

Ukwazi umehluko phakathi kwama-laser avamile e-semiconductor, imicu, ama-disc, kanyeI-laser ye-YAGkungasiza futhi ekutholeni ukuqonda okungcono nokuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezengeziwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhetha.

Lesi sihloko sigxile kakhulu kwisayensi ethandwayo: isingeniso esifushane sesimiso sokukhiqizwa kwe-laser, isakhiwo esiyinhloko sama-laser, kanye nezinhlobo eziningana ezivamile zama-laser.

Okokuqala, isimiso sokukhiqizwa kwe-laser

I-laser ikhiqizwa ngokusebenzisana phakathi kokukhanya nezinto, okwaziwa ngokuthi ukukhuliswa kwemisebe okushukunyiswayo; Ukuqonda ukukhuliswa kwemisebe okushukunyiswayo kudinga ukuqonda imiqondo ka-Einstein yokukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo, ukumuncwa okushukunyiswayo, kanye nemisebe eshukunyiswayo, kanye nezisekelo ezithile ezidingekayo zethiyori.

Isisekelo Sethiyori 1: Imodeli yeBohr

Imodeli yeBohr ihlinzeka kakhulu ngesakhiwo sangaphakathi sama-athomu, okwenza kube lula ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani ama-laser. I-athomu yakhiwe yi-nucleus nama-electron angaphandle kwe-nucleus, futhi ama-orbitals ama-electron awawona angenasisekelo. Ama-electron ane-orbitals ethile kuphela, phakathi kwawo i-orbital engaphakathi ibizwa ngokuthi isimo somhlaba; Uma i-electron isesimeni somhlaba, amandla ayo aphansi kakhulu. Uma i-electron igxuma iphuma ku-orbit, ibizwa ngokuthi isimo sokuqala esijabulisayo, futhi amandla esimo sokuqala esijabulisayo azoba phezulu kunesimo somhlaba; Omunye umjikelezo ubizwa ngokuthi isimo sesibili esijabulisayo;

Isizathu sokuthi kungani i-laser ingenzeka ukuthi ama-electron azohamba ngezindlela ezahlukene kulo modeli. Uma ama-electron emunca amandla, angagijima esuka esimweni somhlaba aye esimweni sokujabula; Uma i-electron ibuya esimweni sokujabula iye esimweni somhlaba, izokhipha amandla, avame ukukhishwa ngesimo se-laser.

Isisekelo Semfundiso 2: Inkolelo-mbono Ka-Einstein Yokushiswa Kwemisebe

Ngo-1917, u-Einstein waphakamisa inkolelo-mbono yemisebe evuselelwe, okuyisisekelo semfundiso-mbono sokukhiqizwa kwama-laser kanye ne-laser: ukumuncwa noma ukukhishwa kwezinto empeleni kungumphumela wokuxhumana phakathi kwensimu yemisebe nezinhlayiya ezakha izinto, futhi umongo wayo oyinhloko ukuguquka kwezinhlayiya phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene wamandla. Kunezinqubo ezintathu ezahlukene ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kokukhanya nezinto: ukukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo, ukukhishwa okuvuselelwe, kanye nokumuncwa okuvuselelwe. Kuhlelo oluqukethe inani elikhulu lezinhlayiya, lezi zinqubo ezintathu zihlala zikhona futhi zihlobene eduze.

Ukukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo:

Njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni: i-electron ezingeni lamandla aphezulu i-E2 ishintshela ngokuzenzekelayo ezingeni lamandla aphansi i-E1 bese ikhipha i-photon enamandla e-hv, kanye ne-hv=E2-E1; Le nqubo yokuguquka okuzenzakalelayo nengahlobene ibizwa ngokuthi ukuguquka okuzenzakalelayo, kanti amaza okukhanya akhishwa ukuguquka okuzenzakalelayo abizwa ngokuthi imisebe ezenzakalelayo.

Izici zokukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo: I-photon ngayinye izimele, ineziqondiso nezigaba ezahlukene, futhi isikhathi sokwenzeka naso singavamile. Singokukhanya okungaqondile nokungahlelekile, okungesiwo ukukhanya okudingwa yi-laser. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yokukhiqiza i-laser idinga ukunciphisa lolu hlobo lokukhanya okulahlekile. Lokhu futhi kungenye yezizathu ezenza ubude be-wavelength yama-laser ahlukahlukene bube nokukhanya okulahlekile. Uma kulawulwa kahle, isilinganiso sokukhishwa okuzenzakalelayo ku-laser singanakwa. Uma i-laser ihlanzekile, njenge-1060 nm, yonke ingu-1060 nm, Lolu hlobo lwe-laser lunezinga lokumuncwa elizinzile namandla.

Ukumuncwa okushukunyisiwe:

Ama-electron emazingeni aphansi amandla (ama-orbital aphansi), ngemva kokumunca ama-photon, ukushintshela emazingeni aphezulu amandla (ama-orbital aphezulu), futhi le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukumunca okushukunyiswayo. Ukumunca okushukunyiswayo kubalulekile futhi kungenye yezinqubo ezibalulekile zokupompa. Umthombo wephampu we-laser unikeza amandla e-photon ukubangela izinhlayiya endaweni yokuzuza ukuya ekuguqukeni futhi ulinde imisebe eshukunyiswayo emazingeni aphezulu amandla, ikhiphe i-laser.

Imisebe evuselelwe:

Uma ikhanyiswe ukukhanya kwamandla angaphandle (hv=E2-E1), i-electron esezingeni eliphezulu lamandla ivuselelwa yi-photon yangaphandle bese igxuma iye ezingeni eliphansi lamandla (umjikelezo ophezulu ugijimela kumjikelezo ophansi). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ikhipha i-photon efana ncamashi ne-photon yangaphandle. Le nqubo ayimunci ukukhanya kokuqala kokuvuselela, ngakho-ke kuzoba nama-photon amabili afanayo, angaqondwa njengoba i-electron ikhipha i-photon eyayimuncwe ngaphambilini. Le nqubo yokukhanya ibizwa ngokuthi imisebe evuselelwe, okuyinqubo ephambene yokumuncwa okuvuselelwe.

Ngemva kokuba umbono usucacile, kulula kakhulu ukwakha i-laser, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni esingenhla: ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zokuzinza kwezinto, iningi lama-electron lisesimweni somhlabathi, ama-electron asesimweni somhlabathi, futhi i-laser incike emisebeni evuselelwe. Ngakho-ke, isakhiwo se-laser ukuvumela ukumuncwa okuvuselelwe ukuthi kwenzeke kuqala, kulethwe ama-electron ezingeni eliphezulu lamandla, bese kunikezwa ukuvusa okubangela inani elikhulu lama-electron ezingeni eliphezulu lamandla ukuthi adlule emisebeni evuselelwe, ekhulula ama-photon. Kulokhu, i-laser ingakhiqizwa. Okulandelayo, sizokwethula isakhiwo se-laser.

Isakhiwo se-laser:

Qondanisa isakhiwo se-laser nezimo zokukhiqizwa kwe-laser okukhulunywe ngazo ngaphambili ngayinye ngayinye:

Isimo sokwenzeka kanye nesakhiwo esihambisanayo:

1. Kukhona i-gain medium enikeza umphumela wokukhulisa njenge-laser medium esebenza, futhi izinhlayiya zayo ezisebenzayo zinesakhiwo samandla esifanele ukukhiqiza imisebe evuselelwe (ikakhulukazi ekwazi ukupompa ama-electron kuma-orbital anamandla aphezulu futhi abe khona isikhathi esithile, bese ekhipha ama-photon ngokuphefumula okukodwa ngemisebe evuselelwe);

2. Kukhona umthombo wangaphandle wokuvuselela (umthombo wephampu) ongapompa ama-electron kusuka ezingeni eliphansi kuya ezingeni eliphezulu, okubangela ukuguqulwa kwenombolo yezinhlayiya phakathi kwamazinga aphezulu naphansi e-laser (okungukuthi, lapho kunezinhlayiya ezinamandla aphezulu kunezinhlayiya ezinamandla aphansi), njengesibani se-xenon kuma-laser e-YAG;

3. Kukhona umgodi ozwakalayo ongafinyelela ukujikijeleka kwe-laser, wandise ubude bokusebenza kwezinto zokusebenza ze-laser, uvivinye imodi yamagagasi okukhanya, ulawule isiqondiso sokusabalala komsebe, ukhulise ngokukhetha imvamisa yemisebe evuselelwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-monochromaticity (ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-laser ikhishwa ngamandla athile).

Isakhiwo esihambisanayo siboniswe esithombeni esingenhla, okuyisakhiwo esilula se-laser ye-YAG. Ezinye izakhiwo zingase zibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa umongo yilokhu. Inqubo yokukhiqiza i-laser iboniswe esithombeni:

Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-laser: ngokuvamile kuhlukaniswa ngokwe-gain medium noma ngesimo samandla e-laser

Ukuhlukaniswa okuphakathi:

I-laser ye-carbon dioxide: I-gain medium ye-carbon dioxide laser yi-helium kanyeI-laser ye-CO2,nge-laser wavelength engu-10.6um, okungomunye wemikhiqizo ye-laser yokuqala ukuqaliswa. Ukushisela kwe-laser yokuqala kwakusekelwe kakhulu ku-carbon dioxide laser, okwamanje esetshenziswa kakhulu ekushiseleni nasekusikeni izinto ezingezona ezensimbi (izindwangu, ipulasitiki, ukhuni, njll.). Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa nasemishinini ye-lithography. I-carbon dioxide laser ayikwazi ukudluliselwa ngemicu ye-optical futhi ihamba ngezindlela ze-spatial optical, i-Tongkuai yokuqala yenziwe kahle kakhulu, futhi kwasetshenziswa imishini eminingi yokusika;

I-laser ye-YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet): Amakristalu e-YAG afakwe ama-ion ensimbi e-neodymium (Nd) noma i-yttrium (Yb) asetshenziswa njenge-laser gain medium, enobude be-emission obungu-1.06um. I-laser ye-YAG ingakhipha ama-pulse aphezulu, kodwa amandla ajwayelekile aphansi, futhi amandla aphezulu angafinyelela amandla ajwayelekile ngokuphindwe kayi-15. Uma kuyi-laser ye-pulse ikakhulukazi, ukuphuma okuqhubekayo akunakufinyelelwa; Kodwa kungadluliselwa ngemicu ye-optical, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinga lokumuncwa kwezinto zensimbi liyakhula, futhi sekuqala ukusetshenziswa ezintweni zokukhanya okuphezulu, ezisetshenziswa okokuqala ensimini ye-3C;

I-laser yefayibha: I-mainstream yamanje emakethe isebenzisa i-ytterbium doped fiber njenge-gain medium, enobude be-wavelength obungu-1060nm. Ihlukaniswe kabanzi ngama-fiber nama-disc laser ngokusekelwe ekwakhekeni kwe-medium; i-Fiber optic imele i-IPG, kanti i-disc imele i-Tongkuai.

I-laser ye-semiconductor: I-gain medium iyi-semiconductor PN junction, kanti ubude be-laser ye-semiconductor bungama-976nm. Njengamanje, ama-laser e-semiconductor near-infrared asetshenziswa kakhulu ekumbozeni, anezindawo zokukhanya ezingaphezu kuka-600um. I-Laserline iyinkampani emele ama-laser e-semiconductor.

Kuhlukaniswa ngohlobo lwesenzo samandla: I-Pulse laser (PULSE), i-quasi continuous laser (QCW), i-continuous laser (CW)

I-laser ye-pulse: i-nanosecond, i-picosecond, i-femtosecond, le laser ye-pulse enemvamisa ephezulu (ns, ububanzi be-pulse) ivame ukufeza amandla aphezulu, ukucubungula imvamisa ephezulu (MHZ), esetshenziselwa ukucubungula izinto ezingafani zethusi elincane ne-aluminium, kanye nokuhlanza ikakhulukazi. Ngokusebenzisa amandla aphezulu, ingancibilikisa ngokushesha izinto eziyisisekelo, ngesikhathi esincane sokusebenza kanye nendawo encane ethintekile ekushiseni. Inezinzuzo ekucubunguleni izinto ezincane kakhulu (ngaphansi kuka-0.5mm);

I-laser eqhubekayo ye-Quasi (QCW): Ngenxa yesilinganiso sokuphindaphinda esiphezulu kanye nomjikelezo womsebenzi ophansi (ngaphansi kuka-50%), ububanzi be-pulseI-laser ye-QCWifinyelela ku-50 us-50 ms, igcwalisa igebe phakathi kwe-kilowatt level continuous fiber laser kanye ne-Q-switched pulse laser; Amandla aphezulu e-quasi continuous fiber laser angafinyelela amandla ajwayelekile ngokuphindwe kayishumi ngaphansi kokusebenza kwemodi eqhubekayo. Ama-laser e-QCW ngokuvamile anezindlela ezimbili, enye iwukushisela okuqhubekayo ngamandla aphansi, kanti enye iwukushisela kwe-pulsed laser ngamandla aphezulu ngokuphindwe kayishumi kwamandla ajwayelekile, okungafeza izinto ezijiyile kanye nokushisela ukushisa okwengeziwe, kuyilapho futhi kulawula ukushisa ngaphakathi kwebanga elincane kakhulu;

I-Laser Eqhubekayo (CW): Lena yiyona esetshenziswa kakhulu, futhi iningi lama-laser abonakala emakethe ama-laser e-CW akhipha i-laser njalo ukuze kucutshungulwe ukushisela. Ama-laser e-fibre ahlukaniswe ngama-laser e-single-mode kanye nama-multi-mode ngokuya ngama-diameter ahlukene e-core kanye nezimfanelo ze-beam, futhi angashintshwa ukuze ahambisane nezimo ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa.