Ziyini I-Advanced Welding Technologies?
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kuqhube intuthuko eqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe bokushisela, okuholele ekuveleni kwezindlela ezintsha zokushisela. Ubuchwepheshe bokushisela obuthuthukisiwe bubhekisela ezindleleni zokuhlanganisa ezithuthukisiwe ngale kwezivamile (njengokushisela insimbi evikelwe, ukushisela i-arc engaphansi komhlaba, kanye nokushisela insimbi yegesi evamile). Ukuvela nocwaningo lwalezi zindlela zokushisela ezithuthukisiwe kuvela ekuhlanganisweni kwemikhakha eyahlukene. Ubuchwepheshe bokushisela obuthuthukisiwe (isb., ukushisela kwe-beam enamandla aphezulu, ukushisela i-laser-arc hybrid, ukushisela i-vacuum diffusion, kanyeukushisela kwerobhothi) zisetshenziswe kuma-elekthronikhi, amandla, izimoto, izindiza, imboni yenuzi, kanye neminye imikhakha. Zidlala indima ebalulekile futhi engenakuphikwa ekuhlanganiseni izinto ezikhethekile kanye nezakhiwo, zikhuthaza intuthuko yezenhlalo nezobuchwepheshe.
Ukushisela izinto ezithuthukisiwe kuhlobene kakhulu nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuphezulu futhi kunemisebenzi eyingqayizivele nengenakufakwa esikhundleni sayo. Ngemva kwentuthuko esheshayo ngekhulu lama-20, ubuchwepheshe bokushisela, njengesixhumanisi esibalulekile embonini yanamuhla, bungene ngekhulu lama-21 ngesistimu evuthiwe, eshintsha kusukela ekukhiqizeni ngesandla kuya ekukhiqizeni okwenziwa ngomshini, okuzenzakalelayo, okusekelwe olwazini, nokuhlakaniphile. Lokhu kuphawula inkathi entsha kwisayensi nobunjiniyela bokushisela.
(1) Ukushisela Okuhlanganisiwe Kwe-Laser-Arc
Ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula imisebe enamandla aphezulu budunyiswa njengobuchwepheshe bokucubungula obuthembisayo kakhulu ekhulwini lama-21, okukholelwa ukuthi “buletha izinguquko ezinkulu kubuchwepheshe bokucubungula izinto kanye nokukhiqiza,” futhi njengamanje buyinkambu yobuchwepheshe ekhula ngokushesha kakhulu futhi ecwaningwe kakhulu.
Ukuthuthukiswa kweimishini yokushiselaUkuya ngobukhulu kunezincazelo ezimbili: enye ukwanda kwamandla emishini, kanti enye ukwandiswa kwezingxenye ezishiselwe yimishini. Ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu kanye kuphela emishinini yokushisela ethuthukisiwe, ikakhulukazi imishini yokushisela ye-laser kanye nemishini yokushisela ye-electron beam, ukwanda kwamandla, ukuthuthukisa ukujula kokungena kanye nokuzinza kwenqubo yokushisela kunganciphisa izindleko zokushisela, okwenza kwamukeleke embonini. Ngakho-ke, ubuchwepheshe bokushisela be-hybrid obugxile kuma-laser budonsele ukunaka. Eqinisweni, ukushisela kwe-hybrid ye-laser-arc kwaphakanyiswa ekuqaleni kwawo-1970, kodwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezizinzile zezimboni zavela eminyakeni yamuva nje, ikakhulukazi zizuza ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe be-laser kanye nemishini yokushisela ye-arc, ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla e-laser kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulawula i-arc. I-hybrid ye-laser-arc ihilela kakhulu ukuhlanganiswa kwe-laser ne-tungsten inert gas (TIG) arc, i-plasma arc, kanye ne-arc esebenzayo. Ngokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-laser ne-arc, ukushiyeka kwendlela ngayinye yokushisela kunganqotshwa, okuholela emphumeleni omuhle we-hybrid.
Ukushisela kwe-hybrid ye-Laser-arc kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokushisela, okusekelwe kakhulu emiphumeleni emibili: okokuqala, ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu kuholela esivinini esiphezulu sokushisela kanye nokulahlekelwa ukushisa okuncishisiwe kwento yokusebenza; okwesibili, umphumela we-superposition wokuxhumana phakathi kwemithombo emibili yokushisa. Lapho kushiselwa insimbi, i-plasma ye-laser izinzisa i-arc; ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-arc ingena emgodini oyinhloko wechibi elincibilikisiwe, kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwamandla. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-laser ne-TIG kungakhulisa kakhulu isivinini sokushisela, cishe kabili kune-TIG welding. Ukuguguleka kwe-electrode ye-tungsten nakho kuncishisiwe kakhulu, kwandisa impilo yayo yesevisi; i-angle ye-groove nayo ingancishiswa kakhulu, futhi indawo ye-weld cross-sectional ifana neye-laser welding. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokushisela kwe-hybrid ye-laser-single arc, ukushisela kwe-hybrid ye-laser-double arc kunganciphisa ukufakwa kokushisa kokushisela ngo-25% futhi kwandise isivinini sokushisela cishe ngo-30%.
Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokushisela nge-laser-arc (noma i-plasma arc) hybrid ukushelela okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokujula kokungena. Ngenxa yokushisa nge-arc, izinga lokushisa lensimbi liyakhuphuka, kunciphisa ukubonakaliswa kwensimbi ku-laser futhi kwandise ukumuncwa kwamandla okukhanya. Le ndlela ihlolwe ekushiseleni nge-laser CO₂ enamandla aphansi, kanye nokushisela nge-laser CO₂ engu-12kW kanye nama-laser angu-2kW YAG anokudluliselwa kwe-optical fiber, okubeka isisekelo sokushisela nge-laser-arc (noma i-plasma arc) hybrid. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ubuchwepheshe bokushisela nge-hybrid obuvela ku-laser-arc hybrid bufinyelele intuthuko enkulu, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwabo ezingxenyeni eziyinkimbinkimbi ezindizayo, kwezempi, nakweminye imikhakha kuye kwathola ukunakwa okwandayo. Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokushisela nge-hybrid obuhlanganisa imisebe yamandla aphezulu nama-arcs ahlukene bube ngenye yezindawo ezishisayo emkhakheni wokushisela nge-laser enamandla aphezulu.
(2) Ukushisela Ukuxubha Okunezingxabano
I-Friction Stir Welding (FSW) ubuchwepheshe bokushisela obunelungelo lobunikazi obuthuthukiswe yi-Welding Institute (TWI) yase-United Kingdom ekuqaleni kwawo-1990. Ingashisela izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous okunzima ukuzishisela kusetshenziswa izindlela zokushisela ze-fusion.
Ukushisela okuxubile kunezinzuzo ezifana nenqubo elula yokuhlanganisa, okusanhlamvu okuhle ejoyintini elihlanganisiwe, ukusebenza kahle kokukhathala, ukusebenza kahle kokuthamba, nokusebenza kokugoba, asikho isidingo sezintambo zokushisela noma amagesi okuvikela, akukho ukukhanya kwe-arc, kanye nokucindezeleka okuphansi okusele kanye nokuguquguquka ngemva kokushisela. Kusetshenziswe embonini yezindiza yamazwe athuthukile eYurophu naseMelika, futhi kusetshenziswe ngempumelelo ekushiseleni imikhumbi yokucindezela enezindonga ezincane ze-aluminium alloy esebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi, kuqedela ijoyinti eliqondile le-welds ende kanye nejoyinti le-butt elijikelezayo le-welds eyindilinga. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswe ekwakhiweni okusha kwezakhiwo zezimoto ezintsha futhi busetshenziswa ezindizayo, ezokuthutha, ekukhiqizeni izimoto, nakweminye imikhakha yezimboni.
(3) Ukushisela Kokusabalalisa I-Vacuum
Ukuvela okuqhubekayo kwezinto ezithuthukisiwe kuletha izinselele ezintsha kubuchwepheshe bokujoyina. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziningi ezintsha, njenge-alloys ezingamelana nokushisa, i-ceramics yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, ama-intermetallic compounds, kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe, ikakhulukazi ukuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezingafani, kunzima ukukufeza kusetshenziswa izindlela zokushisela ezivamile ze-fusion, ngakho-ke kuye kwavela i-solid-state diffusion bonding kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, ubuchwepheshe bokushisela obuyi-superplastic forming-diffusion busetshenziswe ngempumelelo ezakhiweni ze-titanium alloy honeycomb zezindiza. I-ceramics nezinsimbi zingahlanganiswa ngokushisela kokusabalalisa; ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokushisela bokusabalalisa uketshezi oludlulayo kuxazulule izinkinga eziningi ezinzima zokuhlanganisa izinto eziqinile ezazingenakuxazululwa yiukushisela ukuhlanganiswaesikhathini esedlule.
Ukujoyina kwe-Solid-state kungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili. Enye indlela yokujoyina enokushisa okuphansi, umfutho ophezulu, kanye nesikhathi esifushane, okukhuthaza ukuxhumana okuseduze kwendawo yokusebenza kanye nokuqhuma kwefilimu ye-oxide ngokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki yendawo. Ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki kuyisici esiyinhloko ekwakheni ijoyinti. Izindlela ezinjalo zokujoyina zifaka phakathiukushisela kokungqubuzana, ukushisela ukuqhuma, ukushisela umfutho obandayo, kanye nokushisela umfutho oshisayo, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukushisela umfutho. Enye indlela yokubopha ukusabalala enokushisa okuphezulu, umfutho ophansi, nesikhathi eside, ngokuvamile eyenziwa emoyeni ovikelayo noma nge-vacuum. Le ndlela yokujoyina ikhiqiza ukuguqulwa okuncane kwepulasitiki, futhi ukusatshalaliswa kwe-interface kuyisici esiyinhloko ekwakheni ijoyinti. Izindlela ezinjalo zokujoyina zifaka phakathi ukushisela ukusabalalisa, njengokushisela ukusabalalisa umfutho, ukushisela ukusabalalisa kwe-transient liquid phase, ukushisela ukusabalalisa okushisayo kwe-isostatic, kanye nokushisela ukusabalalisa kwe-superplastic forming-diffusion.
Ngaphezu kokuvela okuqhubekayo kwezindlela zokushisela ezithuthukisiwe kanye nezinqubo ezintsha (okungenhla kuyizibonelo ezimbalwa nje), izinga lokusebenzisa imishini kanye nokwenza ngokuzenzakalela kwezindlela ezahlukene zokushisela lihlala lithuthuka. Intuthuko yobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi, ubuchwepheshe bokuzwa, ikhompyutha, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokulawula ikhuthaze kakhulu intuthuko yesifundo sokushisela, okwenza ukuzenzekela kokushisela kuqhubekele ekulawuleni okuhlakaniphile. Ikakhulukazi, ukwethulwa okukhulu kwamarobhothi okushisela kudlule endleleni yendabuko yokushisela eqinile, kwavula indlela entsha yokwenza ngokuzenzakalela eguquguqukayo ekushiseleni, futhi kwahlinzeka ngendawo ebanzi yokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokushisela. Ukushisela sekuyindlela yokucubungula ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni kwesimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngentuthuko yesayensi nobuchwepheshe kanye nentuthuko yezenhlalo nezomnotho, amasimu okusetshenziswa kokushisela okuthuthukisiwe/ukujoyina azoqhubeka nokukhula.
(4) Ukushisela Okuzenzakalelayo Nokuhlakanipha
Ukufaka imishini kanye nokwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kuyizindlela ezibalulekile zokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo wokushisela, ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, kanye nokuthuthukisa izimo zokusebenza. Ukwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela kokukhiqizwa kokushisela kuyisiqondiso sentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo sobuchwepheshe bokushisela. Ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi yokukhiqizwa kokushisela kunemikhawulo ethile kuphela ngokombono wezinqubo zokushisela. Izindlela zokushisela/zokuhlanganisa ezifana nokushisela ngomqamelo we-electron, ukushisela nge-laser, kanye nokushisela nge-friction stir kunezidingo eziqinile ze-geometry ye-groove kanye nekhwalithi yokuhlanganisa. Ngemva kokushisela ngokuzenzakalelayo, isakhiwo sonke esishiselwe sihlanzekile, sinembile, futhi sihle, sishintsha isimo sokubuyela emuva sokusebenza ngesandla ezindaweni zokusebenzela zokushisela esikhathini esidlule.
Njengenye yezimpawu ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza besimanje kanye nomkhakha wezobuchwepheshe osafufusa, amarobhothi abe nomthelela obalulekile emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezimboni zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Ubunzima bezinqubo zokukhiqiza ukushisela kanye nezidingo eziqinile zekhwalithi yokushisela, kanye nezinga lobuchwepheshe bokushisela elivame ukuba libi kanye nezimo zokusebenza, kwenza izinqubo zokushisela ezingenza inqubo yokushisela ibe ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ihlakaniphe zithola ukunakwa okukhethekile. Njengamanje, amarobhothi angu-30% kuya ku-40% emhlabeni wonke asetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe bokushisela. Amarobhothi okushisela ekuqaleni ayesetshenziswa kakhulu emigqeni yokukhiqiza ukushisela endaweni ethile embonini yezimoto, futhi eminyakeni yamuva nje, akhule kancane kancane aya kwezinye izinkambu zokukhiqiza.
Ukugxila kokuqala kwentuthukoukushisela okuhlakaniphileuhlelo lokubona. Izinhlelo zokubona ezithuthukisiwe njengamanje zingenza amarobhothi akwazi ukushintsha ngokuzenzakalelayo indlela yokuhamba kwesibani ngokwezimo ezithile ngesikhathi sokushisela, kanti amanye angalungisa ngesikhathi esifanele amapharamitha enqubo ngokwesayizi womsele.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Agasti-20-2025
